Chapter 23 - The Respiratory System - Part 2

Question 1

What are the 3 large extrapulmonary airways associated with the lungs?

Answer 1

the trachea, and the right and left primary bronchi

Question 2

The trachea is also known as….

Answer 2

the windpipe

Question 3

The trachea branches at the T5 vertebra to form…

Answer 3

the right and left primary bronchi

Question 4

The epithelium of the trachea is continuous with that of the….

Answer 4

larynx

Question 5

What is the function of the tracheal cartilages?

Answer 5

to stiffen the tracheal walls and protect the airway. they prevent the trachea from collapsing or overexpanding as pressures change in the respiratory system

Question 6

Each tracheal cartilage is ___ shaped

Answer 6

C

Question 7

Are the tracheal cartilages continuous?

Answer 7

no

Question 8

WHY are the tracheal cartilages not continuous?

Answer 8

so that the posterior tracheal wall can easily distort when you swallow, allowing large masses of food to pass through the esophagus

Question 9

Trachealis muscle is a band of what kind of muscle?

Answer 9

smooth muscle

Question 10

trachealis muscle along with a _____ connect…..

Answer 10

elastic ligament connect each end of tracheal cartilage

Question 11

Contraction of the trachealis muscle ______ the diameter of the trachea

Answer 11

reduces

Question 11

Contraction of the trachealis muscle ______ the diameter of the trachea

Answer 11

reduces

Question 12

This narrowing of the trachea does what?

Answer 12

increases the tube’s resistance to airflow

Question 13

Sympathetic stimulation ______ the diameter of the trachea

Answer 13

increases

Question 14

Sympathetic stimulation increases the diameter of the trachea. What does this help with?

Answer 14

makes it easier to move large volumes of air along the respiratory passageways

Question 15

The trachea branches within the ____ and into the ______

Answer 15

the trachea branches within the MEDIASTINUM and into the LEFT AND RIGHT PRIMARY BRONCHI

Question 16

what structure separates the right and left primary bronchi?

Answer 16

An internal ridge called the carina

Question 17

Like the trachea, the primary bronchi contain C shaped rings. But what is the difference?

Answer 17

in the primary bronchi, the C shaped rings overlap and they dont overlap in the trachea

Question 18

The right primary bronchus supplies the ____ while the left primary bronchus supplies the ____

Answer 18

right lung, left lung

Question 19

Which is larger in diameter - the right or left primary bronchus?

Answer 19

the right primary bronchus is larger in diameter

Question 20

Since the right primary bronchus is larger in diameter than the left, what function does it serve?

Answer 20

most foreign objects find their way into the right bronchus rather than the left

Question 21

What is the name of the groove which provides access for entry for the pulmonary vessels, nerves, and lymphatics?

Answer 21

the hilium of the lung

Question 22

List functions of the trachea

Answer 22

-transports air between the larynx and primary bronchi
-Cilia and the mucus produced by epithelial cells protect the respiratory tree by trapping inhaled debris and sweeping it towards the pharynx where it is removed through coughing or swallowing

Question 23

Why are the cartilages that reinforce the trachea C-shaped?

Answer 23

To allow space for expansion of the esophagus when food or liquid is swallowed

Question 24

If food accidentally enters the bronchi, in which bronchus is it more likely to lodge? why?

Answer 24

The right bronchus because it is slightly larger and more vertical than the left broncus

Question 25

the right and left lungs are surrounded by the left and right....

Answer 25

pleural cavities

Question 26

the lungs have distinct ____ that are separated by deep fissures

Answer 26

lobes

Question 27

How many lobes does the right lung have?

Answer 27

3 - superior, middle, and inferior

Question 28

The 3 lobes of the right lung are separated by..

Answer 28

the horizontal and oblique fissures

Question 29

How many lobes does the LEFT lung have?

Answer 29

2 lobes - superior and inferior

Question 30

The 2 lobes of the left lung are separated by...

Answer 30

the oblique fissure

Question 31

Between the right and the left lung... -Which is broader -Which is longer Explain why

Answer 31

broader = right lung because most of the heart and great vessels project into the left thoracic cavity longer = left lung because the diaphram rises on the left side to accomodate the mass of the liver

Question 32

the primary bronchi and their branches form the....

Answer 32

bronchial tree

Question 33

Each TERTIARY bronchus branches several times within a bronchiopulmonary segment, forming many ______

Answer 33

bronchioles

Question 34

Do the walls of bronchioles have cartilage?

Answer 34

NO

Question 35

The walls of bronchioles are dominated by.,

Answer 35

smooth muscle tissue

Question 36

In functional terms, bronchioles are to the respiratory system as....

Answer 36

arterioles are to the cardiovascular system

Question 37

Changes in the diameter of the bronchioles control...

Answer 37

the resistance to airflow and the distribution of air in the lungs

Question 38

What controls the diameter of the bronchioles?

Answer 38

the autonomic nervous system

Question 39

SYMPATHETIC activation leads to....

Answer 39

bronchodilation

Question 40

PARASYMPATHETIC stimulation leads to....

Answer 40

bronchoconstriction

Question 41

Which takes place during allergy reactions such as anaphylaxis--- bronchodilation or bronchoconstriction?

Answer 41

bronchoconstriction

Question 42

Anaphylaxis occurs in response to HISTAMINE which is released by which 2 cells?

Answer 42

mast cells and basophils

Question 43

In which condition is there excessive stimulation of the smooth muscles which can almost completely prevent airflow along the terminal bronchioles?

Answer 43

asthma

Question 44

Where does the "conducting zone" end?

Answer 44

at the terminal bronchioles

Question 45

the alveoli are the "___ ____" found within the lungs

Answer 45

air sacs

Question 46

Each alveolus is associated with an extensive network of _____ surrounded by a network of ____

Answer 46

Each alveolus is associated with an extensive network of CAPILLARIES surrounded by a network of ELASTIC FIBERS

Question 47

What is the function of the elastic fibers that surround the network of capillaries?

Answer 47

to help maintain the relative positions of the alveoli and respiratory bronchioles. When the elastic fibers recoil during exhalation, they reduce the size of the alveoli and help push air out of the lungs

Question 48

What plays a key role in keeping the alveoli open?

Answer 48

surfactant

Question 49

Where does gas exchange occur at the alveoli?

Answer 49

at the respiratory membrane

Question 50

Alveolar macrophages are also called ___ cells

Answer 50

dust cells

Question 51

Type 1 alveolar cells are sites of....

Answer 51

gas diffusion

Question 52

Type 2 alveolar cells are also called...

Answer 52

septal cells

Question 53

Which type of alveolar cell produces surfactant?

Answer 53

type 2

Question 54

Surfactant _____ surface tension in the liquid coating the alveolar surface

Answer 54

reduces

Question 55

Surface tension creates a...

Answer 55

barrier that keeps small objects from entering the water, but it also tends to collapse small air bubbles

Question 56

Does surfactant keep the alveoli open or closed?

Answer 56

open and reduces the surface tension

Question 57

Gas exchange occurs across the ______ of the alveoli

Answer 57

respiratory membrane

Question 58

The respiratory membrane has ___ layers

Answer 58

3 layers

Question 59

Name the 3 layers of the respiratory membrane

Answer 59

1. Squamous epithelial cells lining the alveolus 2. The endothelial cells lining an adjacent capillary 3. The fused basement membranes that lie between the alveolar and endothelial cells

Question 60

Why does diffusion proceed very rapidly across the respiratory membrane?

Answer 60

because the distance between alveolar air and blood is very short and oxygen and carbon dioxide are both very small, lipid-soluble molecules

Question 61

Name the disease that causes an inflammation of the lobules of the lung which causes fluid to leak into the alveoli, and the respiratory bronchioles to swell

Answer 61

pneumonia

Question 62

Give an example of when pneumonia would become more likely?

Answer 62

if the respiratory defenses have already been compromised by other factors

Question 63

How many circuits nourish lung tissue?

Answer 63

2 one supplies the respiratory portion of the lungs and the other supplies the conducting portion of the lungs

Question 64

What would happen to the alveoli if surfactant were not produced?

Answer 64

The alveoli would collapse as a result of surface tension in the thin layer of water that moistens the alveolar srfaces

Question 65

Trace the path that air takes in flowing from the glottis to the respiratory membrane

Answer 65

Air passing through the glottis flows into the larynx and through the trachea. From there, air flows into a primary bronchus, which supplies the lungs. In the lungs, the air passes to bronchi, bronchioles, a terminal bronchiole, a respiratory bronchiole, an alveolar duct, an alveolar sac, an alveolus, and ultimately to the respiratory membrane

Question 66

The respiratory exchange surfaces RECEIVE blood from...

Answer 66

arteries of the pulmonary circuit

Question 67

Do the pulmonary arteries carry oxygenated or deoxygenated blood?

Answer 67

deoxygenated

Question 68

the pulmonary veins deliver blood to ...

Answer 68

the left atrium of the heart

Question 69

What is the name for the main type of cell found in the inside lining of blood vessels, lymph vessels, and the heart?

Answer 69

endothelial cells

Question 70

Endothelial cells of the alveolar capillaries provide for...

Answer 70

gas exchange

Question 71

The endothelial cells of the alveolar capillaries are the primary source of...

Answer 71

ACE (angiotensin-converting enzyme)

Question 72

What does ACE do?

Answer 72

converts angiotensin 1 to angiotensin 2. This enzyme plays an important role in regulating blood volume and blood pressure

Question 73

Blood pressure in the PULMONARY CIRCUIT is usually...

Answer 73

low

Question 74

Blood pressure in the pulmonary circuit is usually low. What could this lead to?

Answer 74

pulmonary vessels can easily become blocked by small blood clots, fat masses, or air bubbles in the pulmonary arteries

Question 75

The entire cardiac output goes to...

Answer 75

the lungs

Question 76

What does the term pulmonary embolism mean?

Answer 76

occurs when a large emboli gets stuck in an artery of the lung, stopping blood flow to a group of lobules or alveoli

Question 77

What will happen if a pulmonary embolism is in place for several hours?

Answer 77

the alveoli will permanently collapse

Question 78

What will happen if the blockage of a pulmonary embolism occurs in a major pulmonary vessel rather than a minor branch?

Answer 78

pulmonary resistance increases. This places extra strain on the right ventricle of the heart, which may be unable to maintain cardiac output, and congestive heart failure may result

Question 79

the thoracic cavity has the shape of a...

Answer 79

broad cone

Question 80

The walls of the thoracic cavity are the... The floor of the thoracic cavity is the....

Answer 80

walls=the rib cage floor=the muscular diaphragm

Question 81

The 2 pleural cavities are separated by....

Answer 81

the mediastinum

Question 82

each lung is surrounded by a single ____ cavity. Each ___ cavity is lined by a....

Answer 82

each lung is surrounded by a single PLEURAL CAVITY. each pleural cavity is lined by a serous membrane called the pleura

Question 83

Describe the anatomy of the pleura serous membrane

Answer 83

2 layers The parietal pleura covers the inner surface of the thoracic wall the visceral pleura covers the outer surfaces of the lungs, extending into the fissures between the lobes

Question 84

what is the anatomical relationship between the parietal pleura and visceral pleura?

Answer 84

they're usually in close contact. PLEURAL FLUID is produced by both pleurae and provides lubrication and reduces friction between the parietal and visceral surface as we breathe

Question 85

what is the term "thoracentesis"

Answer 85

the sampling procedure of obtaining samples of pleural fluid by inserting a long needle between the ribs sample is examined for bacteria, blood cells, or abnormal components

Question 86

what is the name for the painful condition in which the normal coating of pleural fluid does not prevent friction between the pleural surfaces?

Answer 86

pleurisy

Question 87

Which arteries supply blood to the conducting portions and respiratory exchange surfaces of the lungs?

Answer 87

The pulmonary arteries supply blood to the exchange surfaces of the lungs. (pulmonary circulation) The bronchial arteries, carotid arteries, and the thyrocervical trunks supply the conducting portion of the respiratory system (systemic circulation)

Question 88

List the functions of the pleura

Answer 88

the pleura is a serous membrane that secretes pleural fluid, which lubricates the opposing parietal and visceral surfaces to prevent friction during breathing

Question 89

explain the term "ventilation-perfusion coupling"

Answer 89

vasoconstriction occurs in response to hypoxia. this diverts blood from poorly ventilated areas to well ventilated areas