Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

A&P Final Part 2 > Chapter 24 - The Digestive System - Part 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 24 - The Digestive System - Part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

the pharynx is a passageway between the __ and the ____

A

between the oral cavity and the esophagus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

the pharynx is a passageway for both __ and ___

A

food/liquid and air

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Food normally passes through the ___pharynx and ____pharynx on the way to the esophagus

A

oropharynx and laryngeal pharynx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

the pharynx is a ___ shaped tube lined with a ___ membrane

A

funnel shaped tube lined with a mucous membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

the muscles or the pharynx work together with the muscles of which 2 other structures to start swallowing??

A

the muscles of the oral cavity and the esophagus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Describe the structure and function of the pharynx

A

the pharynx is an anatomical space that receives a food bolus or liquids and passes them to the esophagus as part of the swallowing process

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

The esophagus is a hollow, muscular tube that conveys food and liquids to…..

A

the stomach

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

the esophagus lies ___ to the trachea and connects the ___ to the ____

A

POSTERIOR to the trachea and connects the pharynx to the stomach

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is another word for swallowing

A

Deglutition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

is swallowing voluntary or involuntary? explain

A

swallowing is initiated voluntarily but proceeds automatically once it begins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Name the structure connecting the pharynx to the stomach

A

the esophagus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Compared to the other segments of the digestive tract, what is unusual about the muscularis externa of the esophagus?

A
  • it contains skeletal muscle cells along most of the length of the esophagus
    -it is surrounded by adventitia rather than a serosa
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is occuring when the soft palate and larynx elevate and the glottis closes?

A

swallowing (deglutition) is occurring

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is the term for the hollow interior of an organ

A

the lumen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What prevents air from entering the esophagus and prevents backflow of materials from the stomach?

A

resting muscle tone in the circular muscle layer of the esophagus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

The wall of the esophagus has __ layers

A

3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Name the 3 layers of the wall of the esophagus

A

Mucosa
Submucosa
Muscular Layer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What anchors the esophagus to the body wall?

A

adventitia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the 4 phases of swallowing?

A

-buccal phase
-pharyngeal phase
-esophageal phase
-bolus enters stomach

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

describe the buccal phase

A

the bolus is compressed against the hard palate. tongue is retracted which forces the bolus into the oropharynx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Describe the pharyngeal phase

A

bolus comes into contact with posterior pharyngeal wall. Larynx elevates. Folding of the epiglottis directs the bolus past the closed glottis. The uvula and soft palate block passage to the nasopharynx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Describe the esophageal phase

A

the contraction of the pharyngeal muscles forces the muscles through the entrance of the esophagus. Bolus is pushed towards stomach through peristalsis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

The esophagus goes through what?

A

the diaphragm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Name the 4 major functions of the stomach

A

-temporary storage of ingested food
-mechanical breakdown of ingested food
-disruption of chemical bonds in food (through the action of acids and enzymes)
-production of “intrinsic factor”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What is "intrinsic factor"?
a GLYCOPROTEIN needed for the absorption of vitamin b12
26
What is chyme and where is it produced?
produced in the stomach ingested substances combined with the secretions of the glands of the stomach. HIGHLY ACIDIC
27
What is the shape of the stomach?
an expanded "J" with a short lesser curvature and a long greater curvature
28
The stomach can be divided into 4 regions?
-the cardia -the fundus -the body -the pylorus
29
what is the smallest part of the stomach?
the cardia
30
what is the smallest part of the stomach?
the cardia
31
Which part of the stomach has many mucous glands whose secretions coat the connection with the esophagus and help protect that tube from the acids and enzymes of the stomach?
the cardia
32
what is the largest region of the stomach?
the body
33
Which region of the stomach acts as a "mixing tank" for ingested foods and secretions produced by the stomach?
the body
34
which region of the stomach forms the sharp portion of the "j"
the pylorus
35
what regulates the release of chyme into the duodenum?
the pyloric sphincter
36
what kind of epithelium lines all the portions of the stomach?
simple columnar epithelium
37
what glands secrete gastric juice and in which regions of the stomach are these glands located?
gastric glands secrete gastric juice gastric glands are found in the FUNDUS and BODY of the stomach
38
GASTRIC GLANDS are dominated by 2 types of secretory cells:
parietal cells chief cells
39
which cells secrete intrinsic factor?
parietal cells
40
besides gastric juices and intrinsic factor, what else do parietal cells secrete?
hydrochloric acid
41
Why is hydrochloric acid NOT produced in the cytoplasm?
HCl is such a strong acid that it would erode a secretory vessel and destroy the cell
42
How is HCl produced since it cannot be produced in the cytoplasm?
CO2 + H2O becomes carbonic acid (H2CO3) which then dissociates into H+ + HCO3- the bicarbonate ions are ejected into the interstitial fluid and chloride ions are transported in the chloride ions diffuse across the cell and exit through open chloride channels into the LUMEN of the gastric gland where it combines with the H ions that are actively transported also into the lumen of the gastric glands
43
the secretions of parietal cells keep the pH of the stomach at ___-____
1.5-2
44
What are 4 reasons for the pH of the stomach being so low?
-the acidity of gastric juices kills any microorganisms ingested with food -the acidity denatures proteins and inactivates most of the enzymes in food -the acidity helps break down plant cell walls and the connective tissues in meat -an acidic environment is essential for the activation and function of PEPSIN, a protein-digesting enzyme secreted by chief cells
45
What is pepsin and what secretes it?
a protein digesting enzyme secreted by chief cells
46
Where are chief cells most abundant in a gastric gland?
at the base
47
What 2 enzymes are produced by the stomachs of newborn infants and are important in the digestion of milk?
rennine (aka chymosin) gastric lipase
48
Glands in the pylorus primarily produce...
a mucous secretion (rather than enzymes or acid)
49
gastrin is produced by.....
G cells
50
What does Gastrin stimulate?
stimulates secretion by both parietal and chief cells as well as contractions of the gastric wall
51
besides G cells, the pyloric glands also contain ___ cells which release ___
D cells which release somatostatin
52
What is somatostatin?
a hormone that inhibits the release of gastrin
53
Name the 4 major regions of the stomach
cardia fundus body pylorus
54
Discuss the significance of the low pH in the stomach
this creates an acidic environment that kills most microbes ingested with food, denatures proteins and inactivates most enzymes in food, helps break down plant cell walls and meat connective tissue, and activates pepsin
55
How does a large meal affect the pH of blood leaving the stomach?
Big meals (especially with a high protein content) stimulate INCREASED STOMACH ACID SECRETION. When gastric glands are secreting, bicarbonate ions enter the blood stream to increase the blood pH. This vascular phenomenon is known as the alkaline tide
56
When a person suffers from chronic gastric ulcers, the branches of the vagus nerves that serve the stomach are sometimes cut in an attempt to provide relief. Why might this be an effective treatment?
The vagus nerves contain parasympathetic motor fibers that can stimulate gastric secretions, even if food is not present in the stomach (the cephalic phase of gastric digestion) Cutting the branches of the vagus nerves that supply the stomach would prevent this type of secretion from occurring and thereby reduce the likelihood of ulcer formation
57
What structure allows for expansion of the gastric lumen
ruggae - prominent folds in mucosa of empty stomach
58
Are nutrients absorbed in the stomach?
NO
59
Give 4 reasons why nutrients are not absorbed in the stomach
-the epithelial cells are covered by a blanket of alkaline mucus and are not directly exposed to chyme -the epithelial cells lack the specialized transport mechanisms of cells that line the small intestine -the gastric lining is relatively impermeable to water -digestion has not been completed by the time chyme leaves the stomach
60
Most of the important digestive and absorptive steps of digestion take place where?
in the small intestine
61
The liver secretes ___ which is stored in the ____ for discharge into the _____
the liver secretes BILE which is stored in the GALLBLADDER for discharge into the SMALL INTESTINE
62
What does bile contain which makes it important for digestion?
buffers, and bile salts which facilitate the digestion and absorption of lipids
63
What organ produces digestive enzymes as well as buffers that help neutralize chyme?
the pancreas
64
99% of nutrient absorption takes place in the small intestine. Where does that other 1% occur?
in the large intestine
65
the small intestine has 3 segments:
the duodenum (closest to stomach) the jejunum the ileum
66
Which segment of the small intestine is a "mixing bowl" that receives chyme from the stomach and digestive secretions from the pancreas and liver?
the duodenum
67
The bulk of chemical digestion and nutrient absorption occurs in what segment of the small intestine?
the jejunum
68
what is the name of the sphincter that controls the flow of material from the ileum into the "cecum" of the large intestine?
the ileocecal valve
69
the small intestine fills much of what cavity?
the peritoneal cavity
70
the small intestine is stabilized in the peritoneal cavity by.....
mesentary proper
71
the pancreas is a ___ that lies ___ to the stomach
gland that lies posterior to the stomach
72
the pancreas produces ___ which buffers stomach acid
sodium bicarbonate
73
where does the pancreas empty its contents?
into the duodenum
74
What does the small intestine contain which increases its surface area greatly for absorption?
villi with microvilli covering it
75
in addition to capillaries and nerve endings, what else does each villus contain in the small intestine?
a lymphatic capillary called a lacteal
76
what is the function of a lacteal?
they transport materials that cannot enter blood capillaries (absorbed fatty acids are assembled into protein-lipid packages that are too large to diffuse into the bloodstream) CHLYOMICRONS
77
What is the function of intestinal juice?
it moistens chyme, helps buffer acids, and keeps digestive enzymes and products of digestion in solution
78
most intestinal juice arrives by _____
osmosis
79
name the 3 regions of the pancreas
the head the body the tail
80
describe the surface of the pancreas
lumpy, lobular texture
81
the pancreas is primarily an ___ organ
exocrine (produces digestive enzymes and buffers)
82
what delivers the secretions of the pancreas to the duodenum?
the large pancreatic duct
83
the pancreas is what type of gland (structurally)
compound tubuloalveolar gland
84
the pancreas has 2 distinct functions: 1 __ and the other ___
1 endocrine and the other exocrine
85
what is the endocrine function of the pancreas
secrete insulin and glucagon into the bloodstream to control blood sugar
86
the exocrine cells of the pancreas secrete....
pancreatic juice into the small intestine
87
name 4 pancreatic enzymes
-pancreatic alpha amylase -pancreatic lipase -nucleases (break down RNA or DNA) -proteolytic enzymes (proteases, peptidases)
88
____ enzymes account for about 70% of the total pancreatic enzyme production
proteolytic
89
proteolytic enzymes are secreted as ___ ___ and dont become activated until...
secreted as inactive proenzymes and dont become activated until they reach the small intestine
90
What is the largest visceral organ?
the liver
91
liver cells are called...
hepatocytes
92
what are the basic functional units of the liver?
liver lobules
93
adjacent lobule are separated by....
an interlobular septum
94
the liver secretes a fluid called bile into a network of narrow channels (called _____) between the opening membranes of adjacent liver cells
bile caniliculi
95
name 3 general categories of functions of the liver
1. metabolic regulation 2. Hematological regulation 3. Bile production
96
liver cells extract ___ or ___ from blood before it reaches systemic circulation through the hepatic veins
nutrients or toxins
97
the liver can metabolize which 3 things:
carbohydrates lipids amino acids
98
the liver neutralizes ammonia by converting it to ____
urea
99
the liver strips off amino groups when converting amino acids to lipids or carbohydrates, or when breaking down amino acids to get energy. What is this process called?
deamination
100
____-soluble vitamins are absorbed from the blood and stored in the liver
fat-soluble A, D, E, K, B12
101
Give an example to show that a function of the liver is "mineral storage"
the liver converts iron reserves to ferritin and stores this protein-iron complex
102
the liver participates in ____ inactivation
drug inactivation
103
the liver receives ____% of cardiac output
25%
104
one of the biggest functions of bile is....
emulsification

A&P Final Part 2 (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions