Chapter 24 & 26

Question 1

Evolutionary Theory Evidence

Answer 1

Fossil record

Vestigial traits

Geographic location

Homology

Question 2

Fossil record

Answer 2

linking features

Question 3

Vestigial traits

Answer 3

Question 4

Geographic location

Answer 4

similar species found in the same areas

Question 5

Genetic Homology

Answer 5

Question 6

Developmental homology

Answer 6

Question 7

Structural homology

Answer 7

Question 8

Natural Selection Requirements

Answer 8

Step one: genetic variation
Step two: the variation is heritable
Step three: there is variation in offspring production and offspring mortality
Step four: Survival is not random, the reproducers are superior to the nonproducers

Question 9

Natural selection current examples

Answer 9

Bacteria
Fruit flies
Galapagos birds

Question 10

Misconceptions

Answer 10

Selection is on individuals, evolution is on ecosystems
Acclimation is not adaptation
Evolution is not always good and can cause the species to die out
More evolved does not mean more complicated

Question 11

Selection

Answer 11

on individuals

Question 12

evolution

Answer 12

ecosystems

not always good and can cause the species to die out

More evolved does not mean more complicated

Question 13

Acclimation

Answer 13

not adaptation

Question 14

Limitations

Answer 14

Traits that can’t change
Genes are not infinite
Time
History

Question 15

Biological species concept

Answer 15

The one we use
Reproductive isolation
There are two main categories for isolation
Prezygotic
postzygotic

Question 16

Prezygotic isolation

Answer 16

Prevents a species from mating
Examples:

• Temporal isolation
• Habitat isolation
• Behavioral isolation
• Gametic barrier
• Mechanical isolation

Question 17

Temporal isolation

Answer 17

Different breeding times

Question 18

Habitat isolation

Answer 18

Habitats are separated somehow

Question 19

Behavioral isolation

Answer 19

Different requirements for courtship

Question 20

Gametic barrier

Answer 20

Eggs and sperm don’t mix

Question 21

Mechanical isolation

Answer 21

Can not physically mate

Question 22

Postzygotic isolation

Answer 22

Inability to pass on traits even though mating is possible

Can be from
Hybrid sterility
Hybrid viability

Question 23

Hybrid viability

Answer 23

Embryo death or lack of development

Question 24

Hybrid sterility

Answer 24

The offspring is sterile

Question 25

Morphospecies Concept

Answer 25

Species are morphologically distinct from one another Physical differences wouldn’t occur if the animals were not different

Question 26

Phylogenetic species Concept

Answer 26

Determined by synapomorphy Each monophyletic group is distinct from another due to different genetic features Therefore each group is a species

Question 27

Pros and Cons

Answer 27

Question 28

Allopatric Specation

Answer 28

Vicariance Physical leading to genetic separation

Question 29

Colonization

Answer 29

Can cause some part of a population to form a new colony

Question 30

Sympatric speciation

Answer 30

The animals can mate, but they do not have gene flow Mechanisms Disruptive selection Polyploidization

Question 31

Natural selection leading to genetic divergence

Answer 31

Question 32

Genetic mutations can also lead to...

Answer 32

speciation, not just genetic drift

Question 33

Autopolyploidy

Answer 33

mutation leads to a doubling of chromosome number

Question 34

Allopolyploidy

Answer 34

different species mate and it produces an offspring with double the chromosome number

Question 35

Polyploidy

Answer 35

is very common in plants Self fertilization Multiple mitosis rounds increasing chances of meiotic error

Question 36

How do the species maintain distinction?

Answer 36

By adapting to a niche or a zone the children of any mating species will have lower fitness Does not mean that species do not contact each other Does not mean that hybrids cannot survive

Question 37

When populations meet?

Answer 37

Fusion Reinforcement Hybrid zone Extinction Creation

Question 38

fusion

Answer 38

reproductive barriers weaken until the two species become one Groler bear

Question 39

Reinforcement

Answer 39

Question 40

Hybrid zones

Answer 40