Chapters 32-34 Flashcards

Question

Ecdysozoans

Answer 1

indefinite growth

Answer 2

Vertabrates

Answer 3

inVertabrates

Answer 4

rose several times in Molecular phylogonies

Answer 5

Evolved with cephalization Sight, taste, sound Multitude of sensory organs Magnetism: birds turtles Electric fields: sharks Barometric pressure: birds, storm detection

Answer 6

Suspensions Deposit feeders Fluid feeders Mass feeders

Answer 7

filter feeding Sponges, baleen whales

Answer 8

consume deposits of organic material within or on substrate Earthworms, sea cucumbers

Answer 9

suck or mop up liquids Butterflies, flies,

Answer 10

chunks of food into their mouths Mouth parts determine what you eat

Answer 11

eats plants or algae

Answer 12

eats animals

Answer 13

eats dead stuff

Answer 14

eats both plants and animals

Answer 15

larger than prey, killed quickly

Answer 16

smaller and harvest nutrients while killing Endoparasites Ectoparasites

Answer 17

live within the host, typically worm like

Answer 18

outside the host, grasping mouthparts

Answer 19

jointed lims - crabs parapodia- polychaetes (annelida) tube feet- sea urchins lobe like limbs- velvet worms

Answer 20

Highly diverse Found the D11 genes for limb formation in insects and labeled them This gene was present in limb formation for all animals Appendages could be genetically homologous

Answer 21

can be internal or external

Answer 22

typically includes a male sex organ and typically sperm packets Seahorses

Answer 23

typical in marine organisms clams

Answer 24

live bearing Some Mammals, fish, amphibians, sharks and lizards

Answer 25

egg-live bearing Some Snails, insects, reptiles, sharks

Answer 26

egg bearing Vast majority of animals

Answer 27

Big innovation Larvae Juveniles adults - reproductive

Answer 28

sexually immature, physically different, habitats and food sources are different

Answer 29

sexually immature

Answer 30

:juveniles are called nymphs that are mini versions of the adults

Answer 31

young are larvae

Answer 32

Decreased competition between the adults and the larvae or juveniles Specialization leading to more efficiency

Answer 33

identical individuals physically attached

Answer 34

Porifera Cnidaria Ctenophora aceolomorpha

Answer 35

(sponges) 7000 species Benthic Rocky, shallow water Radially symmetric or asymetrical Spicules Suspension feeders Mostly sessile some can move Asexual reproduction Used for sponges and toxin studies

Answer 36

stiff spikes used for support

Answer 37

(jellyfish, corals, anemones, hydroids) 11,000 marine species Radially symmetric diploblasts Mesoglea Some have medusa and polyps Some are only polyps Cnidocyte Asexual and sexual reproduction

Answer 38

gelatinous material between cell layers

Answer 39

prey capture

Answer 40

(comb jellies) Ciliated Diploplasts Planktonic 100 species Invasive species for fish larvae Predators: adhesive cilia or ingestion Largest animals with cilia Both male and female organs External fertilization mostly

Answer 41

No coelom Bilaterally symmetric, triploblasts Nerve net No cephalization Low digestive tissue Detritus or small predators Ciliated Fission or growth Egg layers

Answer 42

20 phyla of protostomes Anthropoda Crustaceans Myriapods Mollusca Others: kinorhynca, gnathostomulida, etc Includes the fruit fly and roundworm mouth first Broken into lophotrochozoan and ecdysozoa

Answer 43

Ollsks, annelids, flatworms Three phyla have a lophophore feeding tube Suspension feeding Bryozoans, branchiopods, phoronids Trochophore larvae are common Cilia around the middle All grow continuously and incrementally

Answer 44

Nematodes and arthropods All grow by molting Molt either the cuticle or exoskeleton After molting chances of getting caught and killed increase What is the evolutionary advantage of the molt? ## Footnote

Answer 45

All protostome are triploblastic and bilaterally symmetric In the worm like phyla the coelom is fully developed But In flat worms it is gone In arthropods and mollusks it is reduced Why do these animals not need one?

Answer 46

Segmented bodies Tagmata: regions of the body Head Thorax Abdomen Jointed limbs Chitin exoskeleton Movement is based on muscle contractions against the exoskeleton Hemocoel

Answer 47

body cavity, functions as a coelom, contains circulatory fluid, not completely surrounded my mesoderm

Answer 48

Three major components: Foot: muscle Visceral mass: internal organs Mantle: outgrowth that surrounds the visceral mass Shell is typically Calcium Carbonate

Answer 49

Distinctions involve feeding structures Annelids: segmented worms, echurians, deposit feeders Priapulids: sit and wait predators Nemertean: proboscis

Answer 50

_adaptation_ Exchange gases Avoid drying out food Moving reproduction

Answer 51

Humid soils, moist environment, gas exchange through skin

Answer 52

Internal gills

Answer 53

Waxy coating that can be opened and closed when needed ## Footnote

Answer 54

Uses a siphon Yes cephalopods are mollusks

Answer 55

Wormlike phyla still do asexual reproduction Parthenogenesis: unfertilized eggs become embryos, crustacean and insects External fertilization: clams, branchiopods, bryozoans, some other groups Internal fertilization: requires movement and copulation, crustaceans, snails and insects Live young: ovoviviparous, insects, snails Sexual is more common ## Footnote

Answer 56

unfertilized eggs become embryos, crustacean and insects

Answer 57

Rotifera Platyhelminthes Annelida Mollusca * Bivalvia * Gastropoda * Polyplacaphora * cephalopoda

Answer 58

Namatoda Arthropoda * Myriapods * Insecta * Chelicerata * crustaceans

Answer 59

1800 species Iive in damp soils or water 1 mm long typically Coelom Do not have a lophophore or trochophore larval stage DNA makes them a lophtrochophore Corona Parthenogenesis

Answer 60

cilia at the end, allow for suspension feeding, also swimming

Answer 61

turbelleria (free living) cestoda (tape worm) trematoda (flukes), monogenea (ectoparasites on fish)

Answer 62

Flat worms 400,000 species Substrates or fresh water Many are parasitic Broad flat body type that increases gas exchange No coelom Blind digestive tract (one hole) No lophophore Not much movement Life cycles can involve many host species, asexual and sexual

Answer 63

(segmented worms) Have a coelom 16,500 species broken into two sections: Polychaeta and Clitella Clitella: leeches and oligochaetes Chaetae Chaetae lost in Clitella Clitella: earthworms, many water species, no parapodia Hydrostatic skeleton for movement Parasitic feeding or suspension feeding

Answer 64

bristle like extensions from parapodia

Answer 65

Two shells Most extensive fossil record Suspension feeders Important commercially Internal gills Foot allows for burial Swim via clapping Swimming trochophore larvae Metamorphoses into a veliger larvae Metamorphoses into an adult Sexual

Answer 66

(snails, slugs and nudibrachs) Belly feet Two types the land slugs and the nudibranchs Land slugs: Shell for protection Nudibrachs: Bright coloration is a warning for toxins All have a radula for eating using chintinous teeth Mostly sexual Movement via musclular contractions of the foot

Answer 67

Many plate bearing 1000 species 8 carbonate plates Radula Movement via foot Sexual reproduction Trochophore larvae

Answer 68

Head feet Body: visceral mass and foot that has been modified into tentacles Nautilus has a shell other have a small shell or none Have a beak (modified radula) Jet propulsion or tentacle based movement Highly complex courtship rituals for sexual reproduction

Answer 69

7 phyla onychophora: velvet worms tardigrada: water bears, benthic habitats Lobe leggs Detritophores Arthropods: exoskeleton,segmented, Compound eyes, Antennae

Answer 70

Unsegmented Longitudinal muscles for movement Gas exchange across skin Trichinosis, elephntitis, other diseases Only some are parasitic Egg laying sexual reproduction(roundworms)

Answer 71

11,600 species Terrestrial Millipedes and centipedes Specialized mouthparts for biting and chewing (different for each) Many legs Internal fertilization egg laying

Answer 72

925,000 species Three tagmata: head, thorax, and abdomen Four mouthpart structures: labrum, mandibles, maxilla and labium Typically have one or two pairs of wings One pair of antennae Sexual egg laying

Answer 73

( spiders, ticks, mites, horseshoe crabs, daddy long legs, scorpions) 70,000 species Chelicerae: used for feeding and defense near the mouth 8 pairs of appendages Predators sit and wait or active Exoskeleton and muscular movement sexual Daddy long legs- morphologically and genetic component difference than spiders

Answer 74

(shrimp, lobsters, crabs, barnacles, isopods, copepods) 67,000 species Few terrestrial (rolypollies) mostly aquatic or marine Two body parts: cephalothorax and abdomen Carapace: covers cephalothorax Mandibles for chewing Diverse movement and reproduction Some sessile barnacle penis

Answer 75

Four phyla Echinoderms: sea stars or sea urchins Hemichordates: acorn worms Xenoturbella:2006 Chordates: vertebrates and invertebrates ## Footnote

Answer 76

deposit or suspension feeders Burrowers in mud or sand

Answer 77

two wormlike species Distinct phylum in 2006

Answer 78

Spiny skins Exclusively marine 7000 species Larvae are bilaterally symmetric Adults are radially symmetric or pentaradial endoskeleton Not cephalized (no brain) Water vascular system Tube feet project out of the body to form podia Movement via water vascular system and feet Use of the podia is important in food gathering Clamping Suspension feeding Mucus secretions

Answer 79

movement of water through and into body

Answer 80

something messed up and ecosystem goes crazy the down some up some- down up down up down

Answer 81

(sea stars) 1700 known species Predators or scavengers Crown of thorns consumes coral lack of predators has lead to coral death Regeneration of arms Ovo or ovoviviparous

Answer 82

(sea urchins or dollars) 800 species Holdfast Grazing or suspension feeding Movement with spines or podia External fetilization

Answer 83

Pharyngeal gill slits Dorsal hollow nerve cord Notochord Muscular post anal tail

Answer 84

openings into the throat

Answer 85

projections of neurons running the length of the body

Answer 86

stiff, flexible supportive rod

Answer 87

tail with muscles that extends past the anus

Answer 88

Lancelets or amphioxus Small mobile torpedo like Suspension feeders Use agill slits to eat Notochord is a endoskeleton All marine sands Asexual is unknown Sexual is external Have all forms in their adult stage

Answer 89

Tunicates or sea squirts Lose the notochord, dorsal nerve chord, and anal tail Larvae function as the dispersal form Suspension feeding via gill slits and mucus All oceanic Two siphons (hole that water goes through) and a u shaped body

Answer 90

Dorsal hollow nerve cord: spinal cord All vertebrate embryos have pharyngeal pouches Aquatic species gain gills Terrestrial species have these as a vestigial trait Notochord is used for body plan organization not for support Two synapomorphy Vertebrae Cranium Segmented brain allows for coordination Cerebrum, cerebellum, medulla oblongata Forebrain(smell), midbrain (vision), hindbrain (balance and sometimes hearing) ## Footnote

Answer 91

540 MYA first vertebrates, skull made of cartilage Cartilage: strong but flexible, cells, in gel like matrix of polysaccharides and protein fibers Bony fish and tetrapods have bone based endo skeletons Bone: hydroxyapatite based in calcium and phosphate with blood vessels and protein fibers Bone started as a hard exoskeleton used for protection Jaws: 440 MYA, jaws and teeth large radiation followed Bony endoskeleton: allowed for rapid swimming limbs for land movement: 365 MYA first tetrapods Amniotic egg: 20 MYA, all tetrapods other than amphibians, egg that has membranes surrounding a food supply, better gas exchange, support, larger further developed young

Answer 92

Gill arches and jaws are made of similar shape and type of tissue In development the muscles for control are the same Derived from neural crest cells

Answer 93

Hagfish and lampreys are jawless Ray finned fish have diversified Protrusible jaw: ray finned fishes Pharyngeal jaw or throat jaw

Answer 94

Supported by molecular and fossil Lungfish is a living link Can walk short distances Hox genes cause tetrapod and lobe fin deverlopment Hard spines to walk

Answer 95

Lead to the idea that birds evolved from dinosaurs Feathers started as simple projection and lead to feathers Do you think that flight evolved from gliders or from tree dwelling species?

Answer 96

Adapted radiation occurred Keel – attaches to muscle for flight

Answer 97

Increased support Increased gas exchange

Answer 98

allows form mother and young nutrient exchange Egg out of womb Give nutrients via mother egg sits inside womb but egg gives nutrients Allows baby develop further

Answer 99

development time of embryo

Answer 100

Consistent temperature Protection portability

Answer 101

could be the reason for both linages’ success Fitness trade off for parents Incubation, feeding , protecting, etc Mammals and birds have extensive care Lactation Increase success surviving young Ends when young can care for themselves even if mother is still around

Answer 102

produce food for young

Answer 103

Mammals: Presence of hair or fur Mammary glands Milk suckling muscles Reptiles: Ectothermic Scales different jaw structures

Answer 104

Could be one group 110 species Jaw less Scavengers and predators Swim via notochord Lampreys are Anadromous: move between ocean and river Hagfish mating is unknown Hagfish are ectoparasites ## Footnote Hagfish- protective ooze Gills- diffusion of water

Answer 105

(sharks rays and skates) 970 species Cartilaginous skeleton Mostly marine some are freshwater Internal fertilization Rays and skates swim with undulation Electric rays and senses Internal fertilization- sense electrical notions Undulation= wavy movement in muscles Sharks will sink if they do not swim Change pressure in body to float

Answer 106

wavy movement in muscles

Answer 107

(ray finned fishes) Swim bladder Fins with long bony rods Teleosts or bony fish are very ecologically important (cod, golfish etc) Protrusible jaws Many are oviparous parental care of the eggs

Answer 108

Coelacanths and lungfish Lobe finned fishes Evolutionary link sexual reproduction Bigger and longer bones than the ray finned fish “a fish caught in time” West of africa fishermen trying to sell them to chinese men for fertility??– junk fish Thought it was extinct until 1938 Another missing link Very rare Some in west of africa and australia Bigger they are, more babies

Answer 109

(frogs, salamanders, caecilians) “both sides living” 5500 species Gas exchange across skin Adults are carnivores Caecilians lack limbs and eyes, are viviparous and are burrowing predators Other amphibians have modified tongues for prey capture Well developed limbs Salamanders have internal Frogs have external and undergo metamorphosis Caecilians – modified tongues

Answer 110

(platypuses, echidnas) Lay eggs Low metabolic rates Three species: one platypus and two echidnas Echidnas: pouch laying eggs, ants termites and earthworms, Platypuses: burrow egg laying, insect larvae mollusks and other small animals secrete milk from glands

Answer 111

Australia and americas Young are born very early and finish development outside of the womb on the mother Variety of feeding types Variety of movement Embryo attaches to milk gland and finishes developing outside of womb

Answer 112

(placental mammals) 4300 species 18 orders: including primates, rodents, bats, insectivores, artiodactyls, and carnivores Teeth structure dictates diet Limb development dictates movement Internal placenta leads to well developed young Extensive parental care All give young milk

Answer 113

(lizards and snakes) Scaly skin and elongated bodies Vestigial hip and leg bones 7000 species Can be poisonus Can have a dislocated jaw Mostly sexual Mostly ovo or ovoviviparous

Answer 114

300 species Shell made of bony plates No teeth Carnivorous or herbivorous All oviparous Low parental care turtles

Answer 115

24 species Adaptations of sensory organs help submersion Predators Can walk or swim Extensive parental care oviparous ## Footnote Sensory organs at the top lets them float

Answer 116

Descended from dinosaurs Lightwieght bodies Air sacs in bones Variety of feeding types Some flightless Extensive parental care

Answer 117

Prosimians Anthropoids

Answer 118

great apes, more human like monkeys

Answer 119

lemurs, tarsiers, pottos, and lorises

Answer 120

Grasping hands and feet Nails instead of claws Large brains Color vision Social behavior Parental care Good depth perception

Answer 121

No tail, long arms, short legs, large bodied Humans are the only fully bipedal Fist walking and knuckle walking are other forms of movement Bipedalism is a synapomorphy

Answer 122

7 million years ago common ancestor to chimps and humans Not as complete as we would like Four groups of hominins Gracile Australopithecines: slightly built, bipedal, Robust Australopithecines: stockierheavy biting power Early homo: flat narrow faces, large brain cases, made tools Recent homo: 1.2 MYA to present, tools, paintings and sculpting

Answer 123

Bipedalism is the synapomorphic trait Several lineages existed simultaneously Different species lived in physical contact Large brains possibly due to language and tool use Hyoid bone evolves with species, showing language use Colonization of austrailia Competition for food and space could be the reason only one hominin suvives ## Footnote

Answer 124

Homo sapians are the only hominin with a chin We started out in Africa and then spread No interbreeding

Chapters 32-34 Flashcards

(154 cards)