Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Biology 211 > Chapter 52 > Flashcards

Chapter 52 Flashcards

(61 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Population

A

group of individuals in the same species that live in the same area at the same time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Population ecology

A

the study of how and why the # of individuals in a population changes over time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Number of individuals in a population

Four processes

A

Birth (growth)
Death (loss)
Emigration (leaving)
Immigration (entering/growth)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

demography

A

The study and analysis of
Birthrates
Death rates
Emigration rates
Immigration rates
Or the study of factors that determine the size and structure of the population over time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

If a population is mostly young individuals with a high survival and reproductive rate then

A

The population will increase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

If the population is older and has a low reproductive rate and survival rate then

A

The population will decrease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Life tables

A

Summarizes the probability that an individual will reproduce in the given time interval in its timeline

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

fercundity

A

The number of female offspring produced by each female in the population

Males rarely affect population dynamics
There are almost always enough males to fertilize females

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Survivorship

A

Proportion of offspring that survive on average to a particular age

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Cohort

A

a group of individuals of the same age that can be followed through time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

calculate survivorship

A

number of survivors versus age is calculated on a graph

forms a survivor ship curve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Three forms of the survivorship curve

A

humans - type 1

song birds- type 2

plants - type 3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

survivorship

Type 1

A

survivorship is high throughout life, most hit the max life

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

survivorship

Type 2

A

individuals have the same probability of dying off every year ( songbirds)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

survivorship

Type 3

A

extremely high death rates in juveniles or seedlings (plants)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Age specific fecundity

A

the average number of offspring produced in the age class X

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Age class

A

group of individuals of a specific age

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Given fecundity and survivorship

A

growth rate of population can be calculated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

life table can show growth rate

A

If no immigration or emigration

Remember that life tables focus on females

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Lx

A

symbol for survivorship

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

X

A

symbol for age class

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Nx =

A

number of females in age class

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

No=

A

number of females existed as offspring

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Growth rate

A

Lx=Nx/No

survivorship = number of females in age class divided by the number of females existed as offspring

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Age specific fecundity is Mx =
(Total number of female offspring produced by females of particular age)/(the total number of females of that age class present)
26
LxMx=
the average number of female offspring produced by females in each stage of life
27
Net reproductive rate
Sum all of the LxMx values for a life span The growth rate of a population per generation If Ro is \> 1 there is growth Ro\<1 there is a decline
28
Generation
the average time between the mother’s first child and the daughter’s first child
29
Females can’t seem to be able to have high fecundity and survivorship Why?
Time and energy are restricted
30
Vicariance
more or less reproduction in each species mechanical
31
Life history
Based on resource allocation Or based on increases in fitness by natural selection Exp egg size versus number changes according to optimization within the habitat
32
Life history continuum
Every animal or species can be placed on it
33
Growth rate=
change in the number of individuals in a population per unit time (∆N/ ∆ t)
34
Population growth
If there is no immigration or emigration occurring then a population’s growth rate is equal to the number of individuals in the population (N) times the difference between the birth rate (b)and death rate (d) per individual difference in birth and death rate per capita (r ) If the per capita birth rate is less than the per capita death rate then r is negative If the per capita birth rate is greater then r is positive r can vary through time N(b-d)
35
Per capita
for each individual
36
Intrinsic rate of increase
When the deaths are as low as possible and the births are as high as possible rmax
37
growth rate
rmaxN = ∆ N/ ∆ t r can be less than or equal too rmax
38
Exponential growth
For this the number of individuals is not influential Density independent Remember even if r is constant N is always changing Only observed in nature if It is a few individuals in a new population in a new habitat Recovering population Not possible indefinitely
39
Exponential growth limits
Eventually the habitat gets filled When population density gets high then r will decrease Birth rates will decrease and deaths will increase This means that the r becomes density dependant
40
Logistic growth
To determine what happens when density becomes influential K = carrying capacity or the max number of individuals that can be supported in a habitat for a sustained period of time Depends on food, water, space, soil quality, resting/nesting sites K can change from year to year If the population size N is below K then the population will continue to grow The equation for growth with a carrying capacity ∆N/∆ t = rmaxN(K-N/K) (K/N/K) the proportion of unused resources and space If N is small and (K-N/K) is close to 1 then the growth rate should be high As N gets larger (K-N/N) gets smaller When N is at Carrying capacity meaning K=N then (K-N/K)=0 and growth stops So as N gets closer to k growth slows The equation describes Logistic population growth or changes in growth rates that occur as a function of population size
41
To determine what happens when density becomes influential
K = carrying capacity or the max number of individuals that can be supported in a habitat for a sustained period of time Depends on food, water, space, soil quality, resting/nesting sites K can change from year to year
42
equation for growth with a carrying capacity
∆N/ ∆ t = rmaxN(K-N/K) (K/N/K) the proportion of unused resources and space If the population size N is below K then the population will continue to grow
43
If N is small and (K-N/K) is close to 1
then the growth rate should be high
44
As N gets larger
(K-N/N) gets smaller
45
When N is at Carrying capacity meaning K=N
then (K-N/K)=0 and growth stops
46
So as N gets closer to k
growth slows
47
Point where most of population reproduce rmax Competition Exponential- looks like red but keeps going up Logistic – growth that’s not exponential R can be negative
48
Carrying capacity
max that can be hit to sustain continuously for a long time
49
Initially growth
is exponential meaning r is constant
50
N increases to the point
where competition or other density dependent factors kick in
51
When the population is at K
the growth is 0
52
Density independent
alter birth and death irrespective of the number of individuals Changes to the abiotic(not living) environment
53
Density dependent factors
change in intensity as a function of population size Usually biotic in nature
54
Population dynamics
how populations change over time
55
When studying populations
you have to understand that the population is going to reside in isolated patches within the range
56
metapopulations
A population of populations Exp: butterflies in a large valley Habitat fragmentation has lead to an increase in this
57
Used plant locations to study potential habitats the subpopulations are going to die out eventually Migration leads to repopulation of the potential areas
58
Assume: the percentage of marked and recaptured individuals in population studies
is equal to the percentage of marked in a population need no bias in catching methods
59
Mark and recapture
(m2/n2)=(m1/N) m2= number of marked animals in the second sample n2= total number of animals in the second sample N = total population m1= marked individuals in the first sample ## Footnote
60
Population cycling
Helps determine interspecies factors Note that there are more hares than lynx Is the cycle food (the hare’s grasses) or predation (the lynx’s hares)
61
Age structure
the proportion of individuals at each stage in life also has a dramatic effect on the population growth

Biology 211 (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions