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Anatomy and Phisiology > Chapter 24- The Digestive System > Flashcards

Chapter 24- The Digestive System Flashcards

(49 cards)

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1
Q

What are the functions of the digestive system

A 
Ingestion
Mechanical processing
Digestion
Secretion
Absorption
Excretion
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2
Q

Mesentaries

A
  • Double sheets of serous membranes.
  • Support portions of the digestive tract.
  • Access route for vessels and nerves.
  • Padding, protection, insulation, energy storage
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3
Q

Falciform ligament

A

Between the liver and body wall

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4
Q

Lesser omentum

A
  • sickle shape (crescent)

- between the stomach and liver

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5
Q

Greater omentum

A
  • from stomach to transverse colon

- fatty apron (“beer gut”)

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6
Q

Mesentery

A
  • “proper”

- to small intestine

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7
Q

Mesenteries to the colon

A

Transverse Mesocolon

Sigmoid mesocolon

Mesocolon
-to remainder of large intestine

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8
Q

Retroperitoneal organs

A
  • behind the peritoneal cavity
  • duodenum (first part of small intestine)
  • ascending/descending colon
  • rectum
  • kidneys
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9
Q

Mucosa

A
  • inside, moistened by glandular secretions
  • epithelium and lamina propria (loose CT)
  • smooth muscle as muscularis mucosae
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10
Q

Submucosa

A

Dense irregular connective tissue

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11
Q

Muscularis externa

A

Smooth muscle-circular/longitudinal layers

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12
Q

Serosa

A

Serous membrane (wet, lubricated; surround organs)

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13
Q

Adventitia

A

Dense connective tissue

In oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus and rectum

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14
Q

Movement of digestive materials

A
  • Rhythmic contractions
  • Peristalsis
  • Segmentation
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15
Q

Rhythmic contractions

A

Pacemaker cells

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16
Q

Peristalsis

A

Waves that move a bolus

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17
Q

Segmentation

A

(Squeeze food so it gets infiltrated by digestion fluids)

Churn and fragment a bolus

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18
Q

Enteric nervous system

A
  • stretch receptors and chemoreceptors (detects chemicals in food)
  • parasympathetic and local reflexes
    - myenteric plexus (muscularis externa)
    - submucosal plexus
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19
Q

Hormonal mechanisms

A
  • Enteroendocrine cells

- Feedback through bloodstream

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20
Q

Local mechanisms

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A

-Response to pH or chemical stimuli

  • Prostaglandis, histamine (short range)
    - signals broadcast to other cells
21
Q

Functions of the oral (buccal) cavity

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A
  • analysis of material
  • mechanical processing
  • lubrication
  • limited digestion
22
Q

Functions of the tongue

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A

-Assistance in chewing and swallowing

  • Sensory analysis
    - touch, temperature and taste

-Secretion of mucins and lingual lipase

23
Q

Tongue movements

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A
  • Extrinsic and intrinsic muscles

- Innervated by hypoglossal nerve (CN 12)

24
Q

Salivary glands

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A
  • parotid, sublingual (below tongue), submandibular (below jaw)
  • saliva
25
Saliva
- electrolytes, buffers, mucins, antibodies, enzymes - lubrication, moistening, dissolving - salivary amylase (carbohydrate digestion)
26
Teeth (3 layers)
1) enamel- covering crown 2) dentin- forms basic structure 3) root- coated with cementum - periodontal ligaments hold teeth in alveoli
27
Eruption of teeth
-20 primary teeth (aka: deciduous [milk] teeth) - 32 teeth of secondary dentition - 12 molars added
28
The Pharynx
- throat - stratified squamous epithelium - nasopharynx (behind nasal cavities) - oropharynx (behind oral cavity) - laryngopharynx (where vocal cords are)
29
The esophagus
- Nonkeratinized, stratified squamous epithelium - Muscularis with skeletal muscle in upper third - smooth muscle in lower third - mixed in middle third(both skeletal and smooth) - Lacks serosa - anchored in the chest by adventitia - Passes through the diaphragm (esophageal hiatus)
30
Functions of the stomach
- Bulk storage of undigested food - Mechanical breakdown of food - Disruption of chemical bonds in food - acids and enzymes - Production of intrinsic factor - allows intestinal absorption of vitamin B12 - B12 required for erythropoiesis (red blood cells)
31
Anatomy of the stomach
- Cardia: superior, medial (close to heart) - Fundus: above stomach-esophageal junction (base of fundamental) - Body: between the fundus and curve of the J (major central portion) - Pylorus: antrum and pyloric canal near duodenum(small intestine) - Pyloric sphincter - guards exit from stomach - Rugae: ridges and folds in relaxed stomach - Oblique muscle layer (extra)
32
Parietal cells
Intrinsic factor and HCl
33
Chief cells
Pepsinogen | -converted to a protease, pepsin, by acid
34
Pyloric Enteroendocrine Cells
- G cells which secrete gastrin - stimulates stomach secretions - D cells which secrete somatostain - inhibits gastrin release
35
Digestion and absorption in the stomach
-Preliminary digestion of proteins(pepsin) - Permits other digestion - salivary amylase, lingual lipase - slowly denature in acid - Very little absorption of nutrients - some drugs, however, are absorbed
36
Small intestine
- Extra secretions from pancreas,liver, gallbladder - Simple columnar epithelium - Ileocecal sphincter (valve) - transition between small and large intestine
37
Histology of the small intestine
-Plicae: transverse folds - Villi: fingerlike projections of the mucosa - stick into lumen and increase SA tremendous - Lacteals: terminal lymphatic in villus - absorb dietary fats
38
Intestinal glands
Enteroendocrine, goblet and stem cells
39
Duodenum
- First 12 inches of small intestine - Few plica (folds), villi - Duodenal glands (Brunner’s) - mucus to protect from acid - buffers to neutralize acid in chyme - urogastrone to inhibit gastric acid secretion - helps inhibit activity in stomach
40
Jejunum
- Most absorption here | - Stores most nutrients
41
Ileum
- Peyer’s patches= lymphoid tissue | - protects from colon bacteria
42
Intestinal movements
Gastroenteric reflex (starts in stomach and affects intestines) - initiated by stretch receptors in stomach - stimulates intestinal motility Gastroileal reflex (effect from stomach to ilium) - small to large intestine - triggers relaxation of ileocecal valve Enterogastric reflex (sends signal to stomach to slow it down) - slows gastric activity when duodenum already stretched by chime - goes backward; negative feedback
43
The pancreas: endocrine and exocrine functions
Endocrine functions -insulin and glucagon Exocrine functions - pancreatic juice secreted into small intestine - carbohydrases, lipases, nucleases, proteases
44
Liver functions
-Metabolic regulation - Hematological regulation - blood reservoir - makes plasma proteins - phagocytosis of damaged blood cells (Kupffer cells) - Bile production - made in part from hemoglobin of old RBC - colors feces
45
Liver histology
-Filters blood through sinusoids within lobules 1) Blood begins in the hepatic portal system - drains all blood from intestines - portal system= association between 2 capillary beds joined by veins 2) Hepatocytes treat the blood 3) Blood ends in the hepatic veins - these join into the inferior vena cava
46
The gallbladder
- Stores bile - bile emulsifies lipids in the small intestine - lipid-bile salt complexes=micelles - micelles diffuse into lacteals, then through the thoracic duct and at the left subclavian vein, released into the blood as chylomicrons - Bile secreted from liver - via right/left hepatic ducts - join to make common hepatic duct - Cystic duct carries bile to gallbladder for storage between meals - Drains into small intestine through the common bile duct
47
Functions of the large intestine
Reabsorbs water -compacts material into feces Absorbs vitamins produced by bacteria -vitamin K, B12, thiamine, riboflavin Stores fecal matter prior to defecation
48
Histology of the large intestine
Absence of villi Presence of goblet cells Deep intestinal glands -dominated by goblet cells (also called mucus cells)
49
The rectum
Stratified squamous epithelium Internal and external anal sphincters - Internal= involuntary smooth muscle - External= voluntary skeletal muscle

Anatomy and Phisiology (5 decks)

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