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Anatomy and Phisiology > Chapter 24- The Digestive System > Flashcards

Chapter 24- The Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of the digestive system

A 
Ingestion
Mechanical processing
Digestion
Secretion
Absorption
Excretion
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2
Q

Mesentaries

A
  • Double sheets of serous membranes.
  • Support portions of the digestive tract.
  • Access route for vessels and nerves.
  • Padding, protection, insulation, energy storage
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3
Q

Falciform ligament

A

Between the liver and body wall

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4
Q

Lesser omentum

A
  • sickle shape (crescent)

- between the stomach and liver

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5
Q

Greater omentum

A
  • from stomach to transverse colon

- fatty apron (“beer gut”)

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6
Q

Mesentery

A
  • “proper”

- to small intestine

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7
Q

Mesenteries to the colon

A

Transverse Mesocolon

Sigmoid mesocolon

Mesocolon
-to remainder of large intestine

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8
Q

Retroperitoneal organs

A
  • behind the peritoneal cavity
  • duodenum (first part of small intestine)
  • ascending/descending colon
  • rectum
  • kidneys
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9
Q

Mucosa

A
  • inside, moistened by glandular secretions
  • epithelium and lamina propria (loose CT)
  • smooth muscle as muscularis mucosae
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10
Q

Submucosa

A

Dense irregular connective tissue

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11
Q

Muscularis externa

A

Smooth muscle-circular/longitudinal layers

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12
Q

Serosa

A

Serous membrane (wet, lubricated; surround organs)

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13
Q

Adventitia

A

Dense connective tissue

In oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus and rectum

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14
Q

Movement of digestive materials

A
  • Rhythmic contractions
  • Peristalsis
  • Segmentation
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15
Q

Rhythmic contractions

A

Pacemaker cells

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16
Q

Peristalsis

A

Waves that move a bolus

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17
Q

Segmentation

A

(Squeeze food so it gets infiltrated by digestion fluids)

Churn and fragment a bolus

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18
Q

Enteric nervous system

A
  • stretch receptors and chemoreceptors (detects chemicals in food)
  • parasympathetic and local reflexes
    - myenteric plexus (muscularis externa)
    - submucosal plexus
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19
Q

Hormonal mechanisms

A
  • Enteroendocrine cells

- Feedback through bloodstream

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20
Q

Local mechanisms

A

-Response to pH or chemical stimuli

  • Prostaglandis, histamine (short range)
    - signals broadcast to other cells
21
Q

Functions of the oral (buccal) cavity

A
  • analysis of material
  • mechanical processing
  • lubrication
  • limited digestion
22
Q

Functions of the tongue

A

-Assistance in chewing and swallowing

  • Sensory analysis
    - touch, temperature and taste

-Secretion of mucins and lingual lipase

23
Q

Tongue movements

A
  • Extrinsic and intrinsic muscles

- Innervated by hypoglossal nerve (CN 12)

24
Q

Salivary glands

A
  • parotid, sublingual (below tongue), submandibular (below jaw)
  • saliva
25
Q

Saliva

A
  • electrolytes, buffers, mucins, antibodies, enzymes
  • lubrication, moistening, dissolving
  • salivary amylase (carbohydrate digestion)
26
Q

Teeth (3 layers)

A

1) enamel- covering crown
2) dentin- forms basic structure

3) root- coated with cementum
- periodontal ligaments hold teeth in alveoli

27
Q

Eruption of teeth

A

-20 primary teeth (aka: deciduous [milk] teeth)

  • 32 teeth of secondary dentition
    - 12 molars added
28
Q

The Pharynx

A
  • throat
  • stratified squamous epithelium
  • nasopharynx (behind nasal cavities)
  • oropharynx (behind oral cavity)
  • laryngopharynx (where vocal cords are)
29
Q

The esophagus

A
  • Nonkeratinized, stratified squamous epithelium
  • Muscularis with skeletal muscle in upper third
    - smooth muscle in lower third
    - mixed in middle third(both skeletal and smooth)
  • Lacks serosa
    - anchored in the chest by adventitia
  • Passes through the diaphragm (esophageal hiatus)
30
Q

Functions of the stomach

A
  • Bulk storage of undigested food
  • Mechanical breakdown of food
  • Disruption of chemical bonds in food
    - acids and enzymes
  • Production of intrinsic factor
    - allows intestinal absorption of vitamin B12
    - B12 required for erythropoiesis (red blood cells)
31
Q

Anatomy of the stomach

A
  • Cardia: superior, medial (close to heart)
  • Fundus: above stomach-esophageal junction (base of fundamental)
  • Body: between the fundus and curve of the J (major central portion)
  • Pylorus: antrum and pyloric canal near duodenum(small intestine)
  • Pyloric sphincter
    • guards exit from stomach
  • Rugae: ridges and folds in relaxed stomach
  • Oblique muscle layer (extra)
32
Q

Parietal cells

A

Intrinsic factor and HCl

33
Q

Chief cells

A

Pepsinogen

-converted to a protease, pepsin, by acid

34
Q

Pyloric Enteroendocrine Cells

A
  • G cells which secrete gastrin
    - stimulates stomach secretions
  • D cells which secrete somatostain
    - inhibits gastrin release
35
Q

Digestion and absorption in the stomach

A

-Preliminary digestion of proteins(pepsin)

  • Permits other digestion
    • salivary amylase, lingual lipase
      - slowly denature in acid
  • Very little absorption of nutrients
    • some drugs, however, are absorbed
36
Q

Small intestine

A
  • Extra secretions from pancreas,liver, gallbladder
  • Simple columnar epithelium
  • Ileocecal sphincter (valve)
    - transition between small and large intestine
37
Q

Histology of the small intestine

A

-Plicae: transverse folds

  • Villi: fingerlike projections of the mucosa
    - stick into lumen and increase SA tremendous
  • Lacteals: terminal lymphatic in villus
    - absorb dietary fats
38
Q

Intestinal glands

A

Enteroendocrine, goblet and stem cells

39
Q

Duodenum

A
  • First 12 inches of small intestine
  • Few plica (folds), villi
  • Duodenal glands (Brunner’s)
    - mucus to protect from acid
    - buffers to neutralize acid in chyme
    - urogastrone to inhibit gastric acid secretion
    - helps inhibit activity in stomach
40
Q

Jejunum

A
  • Most absorption here

- Stores most nutrients

41
Q

Ileum

A
  • Peyer’s patches= lymphoid tissue

- protects from colon bacteria

42
Q

Intestinal movements

A

Gastroenteric reflex (starts in stomach and affects intestines)

  • initiated by stretch receptors in stomach
  • stimulates intestinal motility

Gastroileal reflex (effect from stomach to ilium)

  • small to large intestine
  • triggers relaxation of ileocecal valve

Enterogastric reflex (sends signal to stomach to slow it down)

  • slows gastric activity when duodenum already stretched by chime
  • goes backward; negative feedback
43
Q

The pancreas: endocrine and exocrine functions

A

Endocrine functions
-insulin and glucagon

Exocrine functions

  • pancreatic juice secreted into small intestine
    - carbohydrases, lipases, nucleases, proteases
44
Q

Liver functions

A

-Metabolic regulation

  • Hematological regulation
    • blood reservoir
    • makes plasma proteins
    • phagocytosis of damaged blood cells (Kupffer cells)
  • Bile production
    • made in part from hemoglobin of old RBC
    • colors feces
45
Q

Liver histology

A

-Filters blood through sinusoids within lobules

1) Blood begins in the hepatic portal system
- drains all blood from intestines
- portal system= association between 2 capillary beds joined by veins

2) Hepatocytes treat the blood

3) Blood ends in the hepatic veins
- these join into the inferior vena cava

46
Q

The gallbladder

A
  • Stores bile
    • bile emulsifies lipids in the small intestine
    • lipid-bile salt complexes=micelles
    • micelles diffuse into lacteals, then through the thoracic duct and at the left subclavian vein, released into the blood as chylomicrons
  • Bile secreted from liver
    • via right/left hepatic ducts
    • join to make common hepatic duct
  • Cystic duct carries bile to gallbladder for storage between meals
  • Drains into small intestine through the common bile duct
47
Q

Functions of the large intestine

A

Reabsorbs water
-compacts material into feces

Absorbs vitamins produced by bacteria
-vitamin K, B12, thiamine, riboflavin

Stores fecal matter prior to defecation

48
Q

Histology of the large intestine

A

Absence of villi

Presence of goblet cells

Deep intestinal glands
-dominated by goblet cells (also called mucus cells)

49
Q

The rectum

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

Internal and external anal sphincters

 - Internal= involuntary smooth muscle
 - External= voluntary skeletal muscle

Anatomy and Phisiology (5 decks)

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