Endocrine System

Question 1

Hormones regulate

Answer 1

Growth (TH and GH)
Stress management (NE and cortisol)
Blood sugar levels (insulin and glucagon)
Reproduction cycles (testosterone)

Question 2

Hypothalamus

Answer 2

Production of ADH, oxytocin, and regulatory hormones

Question 3

Pineal gland

Answer 3

Melatonin

Question 4

Parathyroid glands

Answer 4

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Question 5

Thyroid gland

Answer 5

Thyroxine (T4)
Triiodothyronine (T3)
Calcitonin (CT)

Question 6

Adrenal glands

Answer 6

Adrenal medulla
Epinephrine (E)
Norepinephrine (NE)

Adrenal cortex
Cortisol, corticosterone, aldosterone, androgens

Question 7

Pancreas

Answer 7

Insulin

Glucagon

Question 8

Because hormones are released into the bloodstream…

Answer 8

The effect of hormones are typically slow to appear

But effects last a longtime.

Question 9

Amino acid derivatives

Answer 9

Tryptophan and tyrosine

Question 10

Tryptophan

Answer 10

An amino acid that is used to make a hormone called melatonin

Question 11

Tyrosine

Answer 11

An amino acid that makes thyroid hormones

Question 12

Classes of hormones include

Answer 12

Amino acid derivatives
Lipid derivatives
Small peptides

Question 13

Many hormones never actually enter the cell…

Answer 13

They bind to receptors which then trigger responses inside the cell

Question 14

Steroid based hormones

Answer 14

Tend to diffuse across the plasma membrane before binding to receptors in the nucleus

Question 15

What sits in the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone

Answer 15

The pituitary gland

Question 16

Hormones released by the….

Answer 16

Posterior pituitary

• oxytocin
• antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Anterior pituitary
Growth hormone (GH)
Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
Prolactin (PRL)

Question 17

Supraoptic and paraventricular nucleus secretes…

Answer 17

Supraoptic: secretes ADH

Paraventricular: secretes oxytocin

Question 18

When ADH is released by posterior pituitary

Answer 18

• diuretics= increases urine production
• ADH= decreases urine production and helps avoid dehydration
• hypothalamic neurons in the SON are osmoreceptors= they monitor the solute (osmotic) concentration of blood
• when the blood is too concentrated (high osmolarity) ADH is released

Question 19

Osmoreceptors…

Baroreceptors…

Answer 19

Detect increased osmotic pressure

Detect decreased blood pressure

Question 20

Because ADH is a vasoconstrictor…

Answer 20

ADH is also called vasopressin

Question 21

Examples of things that inhibit the release of ADH

Answer 21

Caffeine

Alcohol

Question 22

Diabetes insipidus

Answer 22

Most common form occurs when a blow to the head reduces ADH by posterior pituitary

• patient is constantly thirsty
• patient exhibits polyuria (pees a lot)

Question 23

Functions of oxytocin

Answer 23

1) stimulates smooth muscle construction in the uterus during childbirth. A spike in oxytocin levels promotes delivery
2) oxytocin is part of the milk let-down reflex in nursing mothers

Question 24

Portal system

Answer 24

A capillary bed feeds into veins which feed into another capillary bed

Question 25

The thyroid gland contains 2 lobes connected by an

Answer 25

Isthmus

Question 26

What synthesizes T3 and T4 and what stores T3 and T4

Answer 26

1) cuboidal epithelium of the follicle | 2) colloid of the follicle

Question 27

What affects nearly every cell of the body

Answer 27

T3 and T4

Question 28

Thyroid hormones increase the metabolic rate of nearly every cell in the body by...

Answer 28

1) binding to receptors in the mitochondria thus increasing rates of ATP production 2) binding to receptors in the nucleus thus increasing the production of enzymes of glycolysis, Krebs and ETC

Question 29

Thyroid hormones also

Answer 29

1) increase the force of heart contraction which results in increased blood pressure 2) in growing children, thyroid hormone is also essential in the development of skeletal, muscular and nervous systems

Question 30

Hypothyroidism symptoms (adults)

Answer 30

Aka myxedema - dry skin - feeling chilled - constipation - mental sluggishness - lethargy - weight gain

Question 31

Hypothyroidism can result from..

Answer 31

1) Low iodine levels 2) low thyroid gland function 3) low blood levels of TSH or TRH Some cases it may result in a goiter

Question 32

Hypothyroidism (in infants)

Answer 32

``` Aka cretinism Symptoms: Thick tongue and neck Short stature Mental retardation ``` Causes: 1) genetic deficiency 2) lack of iodine during pregnancy

Question 33

Hyperthyroidism

Answer 33

Aka Graves’ disease Symptoms: 1) weight loss 2) expothalmos (bulging eyes) 3) anxiety 4) heat intolerance

Question 34

Thyroid gland also contains C cells aka

Answer 34

Parafollicular cells

Question 35

What hormone do c cells produce

Answer 35

Calcitonin which is released in response to high blood calcium levels

Question 36

Calcitonin lowers blood calcium levels in three ways

Answer 36

1) promote the entry of calcium into bone 2) increasing the rate of calcium excretion by the kidneys 3) decreasing the absorption rate of calcium by intestines

Question 37

Parathyroid glands

Answer 37

Release PTH in response to low blood calcium levels

Question 38

PTH raises blood calcium levels by

Answer 38

1) stimulating calcium release from bone 2) increasing calcium reabsorption by kidneys (it stops calcium loss in urine) 3) increases calcium absorption by the intestines 4) stimulates the release of calcitriol by kidneys

Question 39

Calcitriol main function is

Answer 39

To enhance calcium absorption by intestines

Question 40

The thyroid gland and the 4 parathyroid glands are very...

Answer 40

Vascular

Question 41

The parathyroid glands respond to circulating blood and release PTH when....

Answer 41

Blood calcium levels are too low