Chapter 24 - Water Balance

Question 1

The only way to control water loss is to control __________.

Answer 1

Urine volume

Question 2

Two ways of controlling urine volume:

Answer 2

1. Controlling Na+ reabsorption

2. Anti-diuretic Hormone (ADH)

Question 3

What are two types of water loss?

Answer 3

1. Obligatory Water Loss

2. Insensible Water Loss

Question 4

What type of water loss is unavoidable, like urine output?

Answer 4

Obligatory Water Loss

Question 5

What type of water loss are people not aware of that comes from skin and the lungs?

Answer 5

Insensible Water Loss

Question 6

What are the two types of water gain?

Answer 6

1. Preformed Water

2. Metabolic Water

Question 7

What are two examples of Metabolic water gain?

Answer 7

1. Aerobic Respiration

2. Dehydration Synthesis

Question 8

Osmosis is….

Answer 8

the movement of water towards a higher concentration of solute.

Question 9

What are Aquaporins?

Answer 9

Membrane proteins in kidneys that channel water back into the body

Question 10

What percent of fluid is in ICF?

Answer 10

65%

Question 11

What percent of fluid is in ECF?

Answer 11

35%
(25% from tissue fluid
8% from blood plasma, lymph nodes
2% from CSF Cerebrospinal fluid, synovial fluid)

Question 12

What anion is most important in controlling acid balance in ECF?

Answer 12

Chlorine (Cl-)

Question 13

What is the most abundant cation (and electrolyte) in ECF?

Answer 13

Sodium (Na+)!

Question 14

What is the most abundant cation in ICF?

Answer 14

Potassium (K+)

Question 15

What is the most abundant anion in ICF?

Hint: It is very important in ATP production!

Answer 15

Phosphate (PO43-)

Question 16

What ECF ion is important in muscular contraction, blood clotting, and exocytosis?

Answer 16

Calcium (Ca++)

Question 17

Which ECF anion plays a major role in regulating blood pH?

Answer 17

Chloride (Cl-)

Question 18

Some Acid - Base “challenges” are…

Answer 18

1. Lactic Acid
2. Phosphoric Acid
3. Fatty Acids
4. Ketones
5. Carbonic Acids

Question 19

What are the two categories of buffer systems?

Answer 19

Physiological buffers and Chemical buffers

Question 20

Buffer systems get rid of ___ so they don’t lower pH when being “challenged”

Answer 20

Hydrogen (H+)

Question 21

Which type of buffer system takes time? What are some example of it?

Answer 21

Physiological buffers
Ex: Urinary (renal) system buffers take several hours
Respiratory system buffers take several minutes

Question 22

What type of buffer system is rapid? What are the three specific buffer systems within this type?

Answer 22

Chemical buffers

1. Bicarbonate Buffer System
2. Phosphate Buffer System
3. Protein Buffer System

Question 23

Which physiological buffer system ties in with one of the chemical buffer systems? How do these work together?

Answer 23

The Respiration buffer system (Ventilation) ties in with Bicarbonate buffer systems.

They work together by releasing and binding H+ to change pH.
High CO2 and low ph –> stimulates pulmonary ventilation
Low CO2 and high ph –> inhibits pulmonary ventilation

Question 24

How can amino acids function as chemical buffers?

Answer 24

Carboxylic acid side group can release H+ to lower pH

NH2 side group can absorb H+ to raise pH

Question 25

What is respiratory acidosis? What is another name for it?

Answer 25

Respiratory acidosis is a problem with ventilation because CO2 production is too slow (CO2 builds up).
It is also called Emphysema.

Question 26

What is respiratory alkalosis? What is another name for it?

Answer 26

Respiratory alkalosis is a problem with ventilation because CO2 is eliminated too fast.
It is also called Hyperventilation.

Question 27

What are causes of Metabolic acidosis?

Answer 27

1. Lactic Acid
2. Ketones (released during fat metabolism)
3. Diabetes
4. Acidic drugs (Aspirin)
5. Chronic diarrhea
6. Laxative abuse

Question 28

________ is a rare condition that occurs when pH is too low (alkali).

Answer 28

Metabolic alkalosis

Question 29

What are causes of Metabolic alkalosis?

Answer 29

1. Overuse of antacids

2. Chronic vomiting