Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Anatomy & Physiology > Chapter 17 - Endocrine System > Flashcards

Chapter 17 - Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

Hormones are…

A

Chemical messengers secreted into blood or ECF by one cell that affects the functioning of another cell that has a receptor for that hormone.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Most hormones circulate in ________.

A

Blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Hormones affect a ______ # of cells

A

Limited

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Hormone receptors are found ___________________ or ____________.

A

Exposed on the surface of a cell; within a cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the major endocrine glands? (There are 10)

A
  1. Hypothalamus
  2. Pituitary gland
  3. Pineal gland
  4. Thyroid
  5. Parathyroid
  6. Adrenal gland
  7. Pancreas
  8. Testes
  9. Ovaries
  10. Placenta
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are 4 body tissues that double as endocrine glands?

A
  1. Gastrointestinal tract
  2. Placenta
  3. Kidneys
  4. Heart
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How does negative feedback control endocrine activity? Is it common or rare?

A

Final hormone inhibits the release of the hormone which initiated the cascade of hormones.
Common.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How does positive feedback control endocrine activity? Is it common or rare?

A

Feedback loops are used to regulate the secretion of hormones in the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Axis.
Rare.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is an example of negative feedback in endocrine activity?

A

Thyroid hormone inhibits the hypothalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is an example of positive feedback in endocrine activity?

A

Oxytocin released during labor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

An increase in the # of receptors is called ________.

A

Up-regulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

A decrease in the # of receptors is called __________.

A

Down-regulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

The more receptors a hormone binds to, the _________ the response.

A

Greater

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the difference between hormones and prostaglandins?

A

Hormones are produced in glands and affect organs all over the body; Prostaglandins are produced in tissues and affect neighboring cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages associated with the use of hormones to control physiology, instead of the nervous system?

A

Advantages:

  • Hormones circulate throughout the body (not specific to one area)
  • Hormones have a lasting effect (days or longer)

Disadvantages:
-Hormones take longer to have an effect (have to circulate through blood first, then bind to hormone receptor on target cell)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What household chemical mediates the effects of prostaglandin blood clot formation?

A

Aspirin (blocks the enzyme cyclooxygenase, which produces prostaglandins)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What biological macromolecule gives rise to steroid hormones?

A

Lipids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What biological macromolecule gives rise to non-steroid hormones?

A

Protein (Polypeptides)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What kind of receptors do steroid hormones bind to?

A

Steroid hormones bind to transcriptional factors inside the cell membrane (in the cytoplasm or the nucleus). The hormone-receptor complex binds to promoter regions, which turns on transcription of a specific genes + changes physiology.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

3 domains of non-steroid hormone receptors:

A
  • Extracellular domain (in ECF)
  • Transmembrane domain (hydrophobic stretches of amino acids–stay with fatty acid tails inside the phospholipid bilayer)
  • Intracellular domain (in ICF)
21
Q

Hormones are secreted in a _______ fashion. What is an example of this?

A

Pulsatile.

Ex: Luteinizing hormone is secreted in pulses during ovulation

22
Q

How are hormonal secretions of the Hypothalamic/Pituitary Axis controlled?

A

Negative Feedback:
-Common
-final hormone inhibits the release of the hormone which initiated the cascade of hormones
Ex: thyroid hormone inhibits TRH and TSH

Positive Feedback:
-Rare
-feedback loops regulate secretion of hormones
Ex: oxytocin released during labor by posterior pituitary gland to increase rate of contraction

23
Q

How does the body reduce the metabolic effect of a hormone?

A

Through down-regulation (decreasing the # of receptors to decrease the effect of a hormone)

24
Q

Hormones alter _________ processes.

25
What two hormones work together in providing milk for an infant?
Prolactin (produces milk due to suckling) - secreted by Anterior Pituitary Oxytocin (ejects milk due to suckling) - secreted by Posterior Pituitary
26
What two hormones control blood Ca++ ion concentration? Which increases Ca++ levels, and which decreases Ca++ levels?
Calcitonin (secreted by extrafollicular thyroid cells) - decreases blood Ca++ levels Parathyroid (secreted by parathyroid glands) + increases blood Ca++ levels
27
What two hormones control blood sugar concentration? What organ are they secreted by, and by what types of cells?
Glucagon (secreted by Alpha cells in pancreas) + raises blood sugar --> breaks down glycogen in liver into glucose Insulin (secreted by Beta cells in pancreas) - lowers blood sugar - --> stimulate the synthesis of glycogen to store glucose in liver - --> increases cell permeability to glucose
28
What hormone is produced by the follicular cells in the thyroid? Where are they stored?
Thyroxine (T4) is stored in colloid inside thyroid follicles
29
What elemental atom is represent by the 3 and 4 in T3 (Triiodothyronine) and T4 (Thyroxine)?
Iodine (which binds with Tyrosine protein)
30
What physiological effect does T3 hormone produce?
Increases metabolism by using ATP (which increases heat production)
31
What hormones are produced by the the extrafollicular thyroid cells?
Calcitonin
32
What other endocrine gland is embedded in the thyroid?
Parathyroid gland
33
What hormone has the effect of producing cellular growth? Where is it secreted?
Growth hormone (GH) - secreted by the anterior pituitary
34
What hormone inhibits the production of growth hormone (GH)? Where is it secreted?
Somatostatin (Growth hormone - inhibiting hormone / GHIH) - secreted by the pancreas by Delta cells
35
What two hormones affect kidney tubules? Where are they secreted?
Anti-diuretic hormone - secreted by the posterior pituitary --> causes water retention in kidneys in response to dehydration Aldosterone (a Mineralcorticoid) - secreted by the Adrenal Cortex - --> causes reabsorption of Na+ and H2O - ---> increased secretion of K+
36
What are the three categories of hormones produced by the Adrenal Cortex? Give an example of each.
1. Mineralcorticoids (Aldosterone) 2. Glucocorticoids (Cortisol) 3. Gonadocorticoids (Testosterone & Estrogen)
37
What hormones are produced by the Adrenal Medulla? What mechanism causes their secretion?
Epinephrine and norepinephrine. | - FIGHT OR FLIGHT mechanism causes their secretion
38
What are some effects of epinephrine and norepinephrine?
- Increased heart rate - Increased metabolism - Lipolysis (fat burning) - Dilation of pupils - Inhibition of non-essential processes (digestion)
39
What three hormones are produced by the pancreas? What cell type produces each?
1. Glucagon (Alpha cells) 2. Insulin (Beta cells) 3. Somatostatin (Delta cells)
40
What endocrine glands / organs produces testosterone and estrogen?
Testes & Ovaries
41
What hormone is secreted in response to long term stress? Where is it secreted?
Cortisol (Glucocorticoid) - secreted by Adrenal Cortex
42
What endocrine gland controls diurnal / circadian rhythm? What sensory information does it use and what hormone does it produce?
Pineal gland; uses retina to indicate light/dark exposure; secretes melatonin hormone
43
When is melatonin serum concentration the highest?
Nighttime (during darkness)
44
When is melatonin serum concentration the lowest?
Daylight
45
What endocrine gland is only needed during childhood? What hormone does it produce?
Thymus gland; produces thymosin
46
What does thymosin do?
matures parts of the immune system (turns immature T-cells into mature T-cells)
47
What two location produce progesterone?
Placenta and Corpus luteum in ovary
48
Where are atrial natriuretic peptides produced?
Heart
49
Where is erythropoietin produced?
Kidneys

Anatomy & Physiology (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions