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Anatomy & Physiology > Chapter 14 - Brain > Flashcards

Chapter 14 - Brain Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of CSF?

A
  1. Buoyancy - floats brain so that it doesn’t crush under its own weight
  2. Protection - protects brain from bumping into cranium during jolting movement
    - -Concussion is a case of failed brain protection!
  3. Chemical Stability - carries metabolic waste –> filters it through kidneys –> reabsorbed into blood plasma)
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2
Q

Where is CSF made?

A

CSF is made by Ependymal cells in the…

  • -Choroid plexus (in each ventricle)
  • -Subarachnoid space
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3
Q

Describe the the pathway of CSF

A

Lateral ventricles –> third ventricle –> fourth ventricle –> subarachnoid space –> dural sinus –> *circulatory system (heart + lungs) –> choroid plexuses (reabsorbs CSF as blood plasma)

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4
Q

What are the four fluid-filled chambers in the brain?

A

Ventricles - four chambers containing CSF
Lateral ventricles (2)
Third Ventricle
Fourth Ventricle

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5
Q

Regulates the entry of substances into the brain (blocks potentially harmful substances…toxins, pathogens, etc.)

A

Blood Brain Barrier (BBB)

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6
Q

Where is the Blood Brain Barrier missing + why?

A

BBB missing in…

  • -Circumventricular organs (CVOs)
  • -Third + Fourth ventricles - route for HIV invasion!

Why?
–These locations must monitor physiological conditions (glucose, pH, osmolarity, etc.)

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7
Q

What three brain parts are considered to be the brain stem?

A
  1. Midbrain
  2. Pons
  3. Medulla oblongata
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8
Q

Nuclei that extend up through the brainstem and into the midbrain

A

Recticular formation

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9
Q

What important physiological functions are controlled by the reticular formation?

A
  1. Somatic motor control - muscle tone, balance, posture, breathing, etc.
  2. Cardiovascular control
  3. Pain modulation - descending analgesic (painkiller) pathways block pain transmission
  4. Sleep/Consciousness - controls alertness
    - -Reticular activating system - arouses + maintains consciousness
  5. Habituation - learning to ignore repetitive stimuli
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10
Q

What is the corpora quadrigemina?

A

Tectum - contains the corpora quadrigemina (4 baby bodies)

  • -Superior colliculi (2) - visual attention + “eye tracking”, involved in reflex response
  • -Inferior colliculi (2) - receives signals from inner ear, involved in balance + hearing`
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11
Q

A region of gray matter on either side of the cerebral aqueduct in the midbrain.

A

Tegmentum

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12
Q

Dorsal part of the midbrain

A

Tectum

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13
Q

What are the parts of the Tegmentum?

A
  1. Red nucleus - fine motor control (along w/ cerebellum)
  2. Substantia nigra - sends inhibitory signals –> thalamus
    - -Prevents unwanted body movements
    - -Degeneration of this = muscle tremors
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14
Q

What are the three parts of the Diencephalon? What do they do?

A
  1. Thalamus “Gatekeeper” - filters stimuli + relays signals from cerebellum –> cerebrum
    - -Involved in senses
  2. Hypothalamus “Master Gland” - controls ANS and endocrine system
    - -Involved in hormones, heart rate, BP, thermoregulation
  3. Epithalamus (Pineal Gland) - controls diurnal rhythms
    - -Involved in production of melatonin, and ultimately sleep
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15
Q

What does the Cerebellum control?

A

Complex movements (motor control, “muscle memory” etc.)

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16
Q

What are the consequences to injury of the Cerebellum?

A
  • -Cerebellar lesions - deficit in coordination, locomotion, linguistics, emotions + non-motor functions like difficulty planning
  • -Small cerebellums - related to ADHD in children
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17
Q

Worm-like structure that separates the cerebellum into two hemispheres

A

Vermis

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18
Q

What is the function of the Vermis?

A

Maintains equilibrium

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19
Q

What are the three nerve tracts of the brain?

A
  1. Projection fibers - connect inferior + superior regions of the brain
  2. Association tracts - connect parts of a lobe that communicate w/ one another (usually for the same purpose)
  3. Commissural tracts - connect L + R hemispheres, pass through the corpus callosum
20
Q

Part of the cerebral cortex involved in high-order brain functions in mammals

A

Neocortex

21
Q

What are the different roles played by Stellate and Pyramidal neurons?

A
  1. Stellate - SENSORY
    - -Take in sensory info
  2. Pyramidal - MOTOR (OUTPUT)
    - -Respond to stimuli
22
Q

In which cerebral lobe does motor function and personality reside?

A

Frontal

23
Q

Which cerebral lobe provides sensory information about your skin and muscles?

A

Parietal

24
Q

Which cerebral lobe receives and processes visual stimuli?

A

Occipital

25
Q

In which cerebral lobe are auditory signals processed?

A

Temporal

26
Q

What two cerebral locations are responsible for speech?

A

Cerebral Cortex:

  • -Broca’s Area - motor-speech (Frontal lobe)
  • -Wernicke’s Area - interprets speech (where Parietal + Temporal lobe meet)
27
Q

What cerebral lobe is buried deep inside the transverse sulcus? What is its job?

A

Insula - understanding spoken language, taste, visceral sensation

28
Q

What are the parts of the Limbic system?

A
  1. Cingulate gyrus - coordinates sensory info w/ emotions
  2. Mammillary bodies
  3. Fornix
  4. Hippocampus - organizes long-term memory (memory consolidation)
    - -Dentate gyrus - place where new memories are established (new neurons –> new memories)
  5. Amygdala - draw attention to novel stimuli
29
Q

Place where new memories are established

A

Dentate gyrus of Hippocampus

30
Q

What dire consequence for survival might occur if the Amygdala is damaged by a brain injury?

A

Inability to feel fear

  • -Creates a safety hazard; unable to be cautious of dangerous situations
    ex: crossing the street
31
Q

Coma-like state in which we can be aroused by stimulation

A

Sleep

32
Q

Sleep + comas are similar in ____ ____ activity.

A

brain wave

33
Q

What are the stages of sleep?

A

1, 2, 3, 4, REM, 4, 3, 2, 1
Shallow: 1 - 3
Deep: 4

34
Q

In what stage of sleep does dreaming occur + body muscles become paralyzed?

A

REM - Rapid Eye Movement

35
Q

What are some side effect from a lack of sleep?

A
  • -Increased risk of stroke, heart attack, and psychosis

- -Immune system depression –> death!

36
Q

Type of brain waves during mental activity + sensory stimulation

Where are they located?

A

Beta

Frontal - Parietal

37
Q

Type of brain waves during awake, but relaxed phases

Where are they located?

A

Alpha

Parietal - Occipital

38
Q

Type of brain waves used during deep relaxation or meditation

What is this brain wave also associated with?

A

Theta

Also associated w/ emotional stress + brain disorders

39
Q

Type of brain waves used during deep sleep in adults

Does dreaming take place in this state?

A

Delta

NOT associated w/ dreaming

40
Q

What three cranial nerves are responsible for your sense of smell, vision, and hearing?

A
  1. Olfactory (I) - smell
  2. Optic (II) - vision
  3. Vestibulocochlear (VIII) - hearing
41
Q

What three cranial nerves are responsible for eye movements?

A
  1. Oculomotor (III)
  2. Trochlear (IV)
  3. Abducens (VI)
42
Q

Which cranial nerve is responsible for facial sensations?

A

Trigeminal (V)

43
Q

Damage to which cranial nerve will result in the loss of facial muscle control and distorted tastes?

A

Facial (VII)

44
Q

Which two cranial nerves are involved in the process of swallowing?

A

Glossopharyngeal (IX) + Vagus (X)

45
Q

Which cranial nerve is primarily in control of the ANS?

A

Vagus (X)

46
Q

Which cranial nerve controls shoulder movements?

A

Accessory (XI)

47
Q

Which cranial nerve is responsible for tongue movements?

A

Hypoglossal (XII)

Anatomy & Physiology (11 decks)

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