Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Anatomy & Physiology > Chapter 11 - Muscular System > Flashcards

Chapter 11 - Muscular System Flashcards

(66 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

What connective tissue wraps each muscle fiber?

A

Endomysium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What connective tissue wraps fascicles?

A

Perimysium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the three types of muscles?

A
  1. Skeletal
  2. Cardiac
    3 Smooth
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the functions of muscle? (There are 6)

A
  1. Motion
  2. Posture
  3. Produce heat
  4. Joint stability
  5. Guard entrances and exits
  6. “Communicate”
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What connective tissue covers skeletal muscle?

A

Epimysium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What covers each skeletal muscle and it’s epimysium connective tissue?

A

Deep fascia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is a tendon?

A

Fibrous tissue, connects muscle to bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is an aponeurosis?

A

Pearly white fibrous tissue, like a tendon, but over sheetlike muscles

Ex: Head, rectus abdominis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Muscles contained within a particular region are called…

A

Intrinsic muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Muscles that act upon a designated region, but have an origin elsewhere are called…

A

Extrinsic muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the cytoplasm of a muscle cell?

A

Sarcoplasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the endoplasmic reticulum of a muscle cell?

A

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What controls calcium ion concentration?

A

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the cell membrane of a muscle cell?

A

Sarcolemma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What surface do nerve impulses travel over?

Hint: It separates intracellular and extracellular spaces

A

Sarcolemma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

The sarcoplasm contains large amounts of…

A

Glycogen and Myoglobin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is Myoglobin? What does it do in muscles?

A

An oxygen-binding protein; temporarily stores oxygen in muscle tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What does Glycogen do in muscle contraction?

A

Glycogen makes glucose (the fuel source!)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What part of the muscle is the ‘“contractile unit”?

A

Sarcomere

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are the six proteins found in a sarcomere?

A
  1. Actin - thin filaments
  2. Myosin - thick filaments
  3. Tropomyosin
  4. Troponin
  5. Titin - elastic filament
  6. Nebulin
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are Cisternae?

A 
Sac - like storage chambers
Positioned over Z-Lines
Has high concentration of Ca++
Releases Ca++ during contraction
Reabsorbs Ca++ during relaxation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are Transverse Tubules?

A

In between Cisternae
Carry nerve impulses to Cisternae
Tell Cisternae to release Ca++ to contract muscles
Lumen of T-Tubule is continuous with extracellular space

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is a triad made of?

A

2 Cisternae and a T-Tubule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are two Cisternae and a T-tubule called?

A

Triad

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What is the end of a nerve cell?
Synaptic knob
26
What is the small space between neuron and muscle?
Synaptic cleft
27
What part of the nerve cell stores neurotransmitters?
Synaptic vesicles
28
What is the motor end plate?
The part directly underneath the neuromuscular junction
29
What is a Synaptic knob?
The end of a nerve cell
30
What is a Synaptic cleft?
The small space between neuron (nerve cell) and muscle
31
What is a Synaptic vesicle?
The part of the nerve cell that stores neurotransmitters
32
What neurotransmitter is released in muscle contraction?
Acetylcholine (ACh)
33
What is a motor unit?
A motor neuron + all the muscle fibers it supplies
34
Where would you find small motor units?
Eye or finger muscles | Places of fine muscle control
35
Where would you find large motor units?
Leg muscles (gastrocnemius in calf)
36
What theory explains muscle contraction?
SLIDING FILAMENT THEORY
37
What is the Power Stroke?
When myosin heads swivel towards the center of a sarcomere
38
What does Ca++ do in muscle contraction?
It binds to Troponin and moves Tropomyosin, exposing myosin binding sites on actin
39
What does ATP do in muscle contraction?
"Cock" myosin heads | Release + attach myosin from myosin binding sites of actin
40
What principle says that individual muscle fibers will contract to their fullest or not at all?
All-or-nothing principle
41
What is the all-or-nothing principle?
Principle that individual muscle fibers will contract to their fullest or not at all.
42
What breaks down Acetylcholine (ACh)?
Acetylcholinesterase (AChE)
43
What happens to Ca++ during muscle relaxation?
Transported from sarcoplasm into sarcoplasmic reticulum
44
What gathers Ca++ back into Cisternae (in Sarcoplasmic Reticulum)?
Calsequestrin
45
What happens during Rigor Mortis?
Ca++ leaks out of sarcoplasmic reticulum after death No ATP to break myosin heads away from myosin binding sites on actin Like a permanent Charlie Horse
46
What are the three sources of energy in muscle contraction?
1. ADP and Creatine Phosphate 2. Aerobic respiration 3. Anaerobic respiration
47
What makes energy with oxygen?
Aerobic respiration
48
What makes energy WITHOUT oxygen? What does it use instead?
Anaerobic respiration | Uses Lactic Acid (turned to glucose in liver) instead
49
What creates sore muscles?
Lactic Acid
50
What can happen when Lactic acid creates a low pH in muscles cells?
Low pH can denature proteins
51
How is Lactic acid removed?
It is taken to the liver and turned into glucose
52
What is a contracture?
A state of continuous contractions
53
What is a state of continuous contractions?
A contracture
54
What is "Multiple Unit Summation"?
The process of increasing the number of active motor units to increase the degree of contraction.
55
What are the four periods of a muscle "twitch"?
1. Latent period 2. Contraction period 3. Relaxation period 4. Refractory period
56
What is a Myogram? What is another name for it?
A single muscle contraction; "twitch"
57
What are the two types of smooth muscle?
Multiunit Smooth Muscle and Single Unit (Visceral) Smooth Muscle
58
What is an example of a Multiunit Smooth Muscle?
Irises of Eyes
59
What is an example of a Single Unit (Visceral) Smooth Muscle?
Hollow Organs
60
What is peristalsis?
Smooth muscle contraction moves food through digestive system
61
What are intercalated discs?
Discs that bind cardiac muscle cells together
62
What are gap junctions?
Small gaps between muscle cells | Allow muscles to "communicate" (electrical impulses and molecules to pass between them)
63
Homeostatic imbalances are anything that blocks these two neurotransmitters:
Acetylcholine (ACh) and Acetylcholinesterase (AChE)
64
_____ blocks nerve transmissions in muscle cells Hint: Used in poison darts!
Curare; Tubocurarine
65
These two chemicals block AChE:
Clostridium tetani (Tetnus) and Clostridium botulinum (Botulism)
66
What is the most abundant muscular protein?
Myosin

Anatomy & Physiology (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions