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US History > Chapter 24 World War 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 24 World War 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

years of the Age of Enlightenment

A

1700-1789

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2
Q

the ideas that led to the world wars began in England and gained momentum in France during the 18th century in a movement known as the

A

Enlightenment

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3
Q

thought patterns that eventually lead to actions, and coupled with actions make history

A

philosophies

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4
Q

the idea that man’s reason is the sole criterion for truth

A

rationalism

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5
Q

the theory that experience is the only source of knowledge

A

empiricism

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6
Q

the philosophical doctrine that the truth of all knowledge must always be in question

A

skepticism

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7
Q

religion of reason

belief in an impersonal God who, after creating the world, left it to run by natural laws and left man to take care of himself using his intellect

A

deism

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8
Q

during the Enlightenment. French thinkers rejected the doctrine of original sin and insisted that every man has a

A

divine nature within him

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9
Q

two of the most influential French thinkers of the Enlightenment were

A

Voltaire
Rousseau

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10
Q

Father of the Enlightenment

A

Voltaire

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11
Q

Father of French Romanticism

A

Rousseau

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12
Q

advocated revolution to overthrow the old order and to bring in a new order based on reason, science, and tolerance

A

Voltaire

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13
Q

believed that man is naturally good but society is bad, and though that men should not be allowed to own private property

A

Rousseau

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14
Q

years for The Age of Revolution

A

1789-1814

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15
Q

the desire to break loose from their established governments and rule themselves based on what they saw as “natural” boundaries of national origin

A

revolutionary nationalism

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16
Q

two alternatives Europe was faced with in the Age of Revolution

A

anarchy
dictatorship

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17
Q

first developed in German universities

became an increasing challenge to Protestantism in the 19th century with its departure from a literal acceptance of the Bible

A

“higher” criticism

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18
Q

the three most influential thinkers of the Age of Revolution were the German philosophers

A

Kant
Hegel
Schleiermacher

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19
Q

Kant’s philosophy that said the senses and the mind are sole avenues of knowledge and man cannot know God or the soul by either of these avenues

led to the modernist ideas of man’s “spark of divinity” and the “higher” criticism of the Bible

A

idealism

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20
Q

introduced dialectic thinking
(thesis+antithesis= synthesis)

A

Hegel

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21
Q

Father of Theological Liberalism

created a theology of feeling, teaching that one’s “feeling of dependence”, not his faith in God’s Word, is the important thing

A

Schleiermacher

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22
Q

began when theologians in German universities exalted their own reason above God’s Word, teaching that the Bible was a collection of myths, legends, and a few historical facts

A

modernism or religious liberalism

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23
Q

the attack of the modernists on the Bible contributed greatly to the acceptance of the false philosophy of

A

evolution

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24
Q

popularized evolution

A

Darwin

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25
one natural result of Darwinism is
materialism (also called naturalism or determinism)
26
the idea that matter is the only reality and that everything in the world, including thought, will and feeling, can be explained in terms of matter reduces man to a complex machine whose personality is merely an interrelation of chemical and physical properties living as is material things are all important and spiritual things have no importance
materialism
27
belief that all economic, political, and social life must be planned, controlled, and regulated by the state to insure "the greatest good for the greatest number"
socialism
28
most responsible for the rise of modern socialism
Karl Marx (Father of Communism)
29
a form of socialism which requires a violent, bloody revolution in order to set up a totalitarian dictatorship
communism
30
the main difference between Communism and Socialism lies in their
methods of reform socialism-- legislation, regulation, taxation communism-- violent revolution
31
the most notable socialist group in Europe
Social Democratic Party
32
the US tried to alleviate these tensions and promote peace by taking part in two international peace conferences held at the
Hague
33
the first conference at Hague resulted in the
establishment of a Permanent Court of Arbitration
34
became well known for his work in settling international disputes through arbitration
William Jennings Bryan
35
one of the most aggressively militaristic nations was
Germany
36
the aggressive militaristic leader of Germany in early 1900s
Kaiser Wilhelm II
37
the two opposing alliances in Europe
Triple Alliance Triple Entente
38
the Triple Alliance consisted of the countries
Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy
39
the Triple Entente consisted of the countries
Great Britain France Russia
40
became the center of European rivalry
Balkan Peninsula
41
event that sparked World War I
assassination of Archduke Francis Ferdinand and his wife
42
in its day, World War I was known as
the Great War
43
the opposing forces in World War I
Central Powers vs. Allies
44
the Central Powers consisted of the countries
Germany Austria-Hungary Turkey
45
the Allies included the countries
Great Britain France Russia Serbia Belgium Romania Japan Portugal Montenegro Greece Italy
46
as soon as war broke out in Europe, President Wilson issued a declaration of
neutrality
47
intentional destruction of property
sabotage
48
even more important than economic considerations in WWI was the principle of
freedom of the seas
49
items that, according to the international law, may be seized when headed for an enemy port in wartime
contraband of war
50
the new weapon that the German navy introduced in WWI
U-boats
51
the large British luxury liner that was sunk by the Germans in 1915
Lusitania
52
the name for Germany pledging not to sink merchant vessels "without warning an without saving human lives, unless these ships attempt to escape or offer resistance"
Sussex Pledge
53
two events that helped to bring the US into WWI
unrestricted submarine warfare the Zimmerman note
54
passed by Congress and provided for an increase in the size of the regular army and the organizing of a national guard of 450,000 men
National Defense Act
55
the date the US entered WWI
April 6,1917
56
passed after declaring war required all men from age 21 through age 30 to register with local draft boards
Selective Service Act
57
Americans demonstrated their patriotism through their enthusiastic response to the four ___________ drives conducted during the war and the _____________ drive conducted in 1919 to help "finish the job"
Liberty Loan Victory Loan
58
where is the World Court?
the Hague, Netherlands
59
created by the federal government to regulate all phases of industrial production and distribution
War Industries Board
60
the federal government controlled the nation's railroads and placed them under the supervision of Secretary of the Treasury
William G. McAdoo
61
was created to act as a court of arbitration to settle labor disputes
National War Labor Board
62
headed the National War Labor Board
William Howard Taft
63
wrote American's Creed
William Tyler Page
64
a Food Administration was created under the leadership of a mining engineer who had become well known for his relief work in Belgium
Herbert Hoover
65
was established to supervise the rationing of fuel in both factories and homes
Fuel Administration
66
during the summer months of the war, the US saved fuel by switching to
daylight-savings time
67
organization that the government created to carefully plan a campaign to help keep morale high
Committe of Public Information
68
provided for stiff penalties for anyone who furnished information which would aid the enemy, obstruct recruiting, or encourage insubordination in the armed forces
Espionage Act
69
arrested under the terms of the Espionage Act for influencing the radical Industrial Workers of the World to become the only significant group to openly oppose America's role in WWI
Eugene Debs
70
where millions of soldiers faced each other in WWI
trenches
71
in WWI, Germany introduced the use of
poison gas
72
a French fortress city where the French had forced the Germans to retreat
Verdun
73
introduced the tank
British
74
battle where the British introduced the tank
Battle of the Somme
75
battle in which the British had badly crippled the German fleet of destroyers, battleships, and cruisers, making it nearly inactive
Battle of Jutland
76
American navy's greatest contribution to Allies in WWI
fast destroyers
77
how much WWI cost America to fight
$33.5 billion
78
appointed by President Wilson to be commander of the American troops in France
General John J Pershing
79
American soldiers were often called
doughboys
80
pilots who downed at least five enemy craft were called
aces
81
the most famous ace who destroyed 20 enemy planes and several balloons
Eddie Rickenbacker
82
a group of radical Communists who had come to power in Russia in November 1917
Bolsheviks
83
led the Bolsheviks
Lenin
84
made the peace between Russi and Germany official
Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
85
a German famous long-range gun used by Germany to bombard Paris
Big Bertha
86
General Pershing agreed to put all American troops under the temporary command of the French commander of the Allied forces
Marshal Foch
87
the tide of the war began to turn against the Germans when America's First Division stormed the fortified position of
Cantigny
88
where America's Second and Third Divisions joined the French __________________ and helped to drive the Germans from ________________
north of the Marne Belleau Wood
89
American troops helped Foch make an attack against a fortified German defense line formed by an intricate system of deep trenches and dugouts known as the
Hindenburg Line
90
one of the major accomplishments of the American forces in the Allied counteroffensive was the capturing of
St. Mihiel
91
became a hero of the Meuse-Argonne campaign by single-handedly killing 20 Germans and capturing 132 more
Alvin York
92
President Wilson listed this as the only possible program for world peace
Fourteen Points
93
date of the end of the WWI
November 11,1918
94
national name for the holiday on November 11, 1918
Veterans Day
95
once an armistice had stopped the fighting of WWI, the powers of the world called for a peace conference to convene in Paris
January 1919
96
President at the end of WWI
Wilson
97
the "Big Four" at the Versailles Peace Conference
President Wilson of US PM David Lloyd Geord of England Premier Clemenceau of France PM Orlando of Italy
98
at Wilson's insistence, the delegates at Versailles appointed a special commission to draw up a __________ for an international body
covenant
99
besides Wilson's Fourteen Points and the covenant of the League of Nations, some other important provision of the Treaty of Versailles were
1. German territorial losses 2. Demilitarization of Germany 3. Reparation and admission of guilt from Germany
100
the only important nation that did not join the League of Nations
US
101
chairman of the influential Senate Foreign Relations Committee that was strongly opposed to accepting the treaty unless steps were taken to ensure against the jeopardizing of American sovereignty
Henry Cabot Lodge
102
a series of fourteen reservations to the treaty that President Wilson found unacceptable were called the
Lodge Reservations

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