Chapter 25 + 26 test

Question 1

All animals are _________ that obtain nutrients and energy from food

Answer 1

heterotrophic

Question 2

Most ________ catch algae and small animals by using modified gills or other structures as nets that filter food items out of water

Answer 2

filter feeders

Question 3

____________ feed on detritus, often obtaining extra nutrients from bacteria, algae, and other microorganisms that grow on or around it

Answer 3

detritivores

Question 4

______ eat plants or parts of plants or algae

Answer 4

herbivores

Question 5

___________ eat other animals

Answer 5

carnivores

Question 6

The simplest animals, such as sponges, digest food _____________ that pass nutrients they need

Answer 6

inside specialized cells

Question 7

More complex animals break food down outside cells in a ________ and then absorb the nutrients they need

Answer 7

digestive cavity

Question 8

Many invertebrates and all vertebrates digest food as it passes through a tube called a _______________, which has two openings

Answer 8

Digestive tract

Question 9

________ typically have sharp mouthparts or other structures that can capture food, hold it, and slice and dice it into small pieces

Answer 9

carnivores

Question 10

_____________ have mouthparts adapted to rasping or grinding to tear plant cell walls and expose their contents

Answer 10

herbivores

Question 11

Animals called ruminants, such as cattle, have a pouch-like extension of their esophagus called a _______, in which symbiotic bacteria digest cellulose

Answer 11

rumen

Question 12

All animals must obtain ________ from their environment and get rid of _______________

Answer 12

oxygen; carbon dioxide

Question 13

Some aquatic invertebrates rely on diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide through their ________

Answer 13

skin respiration

Question 14

Many aquatic invertebrates, fishes, and other animals exchange gases through _______

Answer 14

gills

Question 15

_______ are feathery structures that expose a large surface area of thin, selectively permeable membrane to water

Answer 15

gills

Question 16

_____ are organs that exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide between blood and air

Answer 16

lungs

Question 17

________________ in terrestrial invertebrates include skin, mantle cavities, book lungs, and tracheal tubes

Answer 17

respiratory structures

Question 18

All terrestrial vertebrates-reptiles, birds, mammals, and the land stages of most amphibians-breathe with __________

Answer 18

lungs

Question 19

What are the tiny air sacs at the end of the bronchiole in the lungs that provide surface area for gas exchange

Answer 19

Alveoli

Question 20

A __________ is a hollow, muscular organ that pumps blood around the body

Answer 20

heart

Question 21

In __________, heart or heart-like organs pump blood through vessels that empty into a system of sinuses, or spongy cavities

Answer 21

Open circulatory systems

Question 22

In _________, blood circulates entirely within blood vessels that extend throughout the body

Answer 22

Closed circulatory systems

Question 23

What are the two main types of circulatory systems among vertebrates

Answer 23

double loop and single loop

Question 24

The _________ is the upper chamber of the heart that receives blood from the rest of the body

Answer 24

atrium

Question 25

The _________ is the lower chamber of the heart that pumps blood out of the heart to the rest of the body

Answer 25

ventricle

Question 26

How many chambers do modern mammal hearts have

Answer 26

4

Question 27

When cells break down proteins, they produce a nitrogen-containing waste in what poisonous form

Answer 27

ammonia

Question 28

Animals either eliminate _______ from the body quickly or convert it into to other compounds that are less toxic

Answer 28

Ammonia

Question 29

Many animals use ______ to separate waste and excess water from blood in a fluid called urine

Answer 29

kidneys

Question 30

Aquatic animals an allow ammonia to ______ out of their bodies into surrounding water, which dilutes the ammonia and carries it away

Answer 30

diffuse

Question 31

Mammals and land amphibians convert ammonia into ______, which is excreted in urine. In most reptiles and birds, ammonia is converted into ______

Answer 31

urea; uric acid

Question 32

Nervous systems are composed of different kinds of never cells, or ______

Answer 32

Neurons

Question 33

Information in the environment that causes an organism to react is called ______

Answer 33

stimulus

Question 34

An animal's ability to detect stimuli depends on specialized cells called ___________

Answer 34

Sensory neurons

Question 35

What is an interneuron

Answer 35

type of neuron that processes information and may relay information to motor neurons

Question 36

A specific reaction to a stimulus is called a _____

Answer 36

response

Question 37

Nerve cells called _______- carry directions from interneurons to muscles

Answer 37

motor neuron

Question 38

Some invertebrates, such as jellyfishes, have simple nervous systems called _______

Answer 38

nerve nets

Question 39

In other invertebrates, interneurons are grouped together into small structures called ________, where interneurons connect with one another

Answer 39

ganglion

Question 40

In some species, cerebral ganglia are further organized into a structure called a _______

Answer 40

brain

Question 41

The _______ is the thinking region of the brain

Answer 41

cerebrum

Question 42

The ______ coordinates movement and controls balance, while the medulla oblongata controls the functioning of many internal organs

Answer 42

cerebellum

Question 43

What are the three main types of skeletal systems animals have

Answer 43

hydrostatic skeleton, exoskeleton, Endoskeleton

Question 44

In vertebrates, bones are connected at ____ by strong connective tissues called _____

Answer 44

joints; ligaments

Question 45

In many animals, ______ work together in pairs or groups that are attached to different parts of a skeleton

Answer 45

muscles

Question 46

___________ requires only one parent, so individuals in favorable environmental conditions can reproduce rapidly. Offspring produced asexually carry only a single parents DNA, so they have less genetic diversity than offspring produced sexually

Answer 46

Asexual reproduction

Question 47

Sexual reproduction maintains _____ in a population by creating individuals with new combinations of genes

Answer 47

genetic diversity

Question 48

During _______, eggs are fertilized inside the body of the egg-producing individual

Answer 48

internal fertilization

Question 49

In _____________, eggs are fertilized outside the body of the egg-producing individual

Answer 49

external fertilization

Question 50

Embryos develop in eggs outside of the parental body in an _____ species

Answer 50

oviparous

Question 51

In species that are _________, embryos develop within the mother's body, but they depend entirely on the yolk sac of their eggs, and receive no additional nutrients from the mother

Answer 51

ovoviviparous

Question 52

Embryos that obtain nutrients from the mother's body during development belong to a _____ species

Answer 52

vivparous

Question 53

A ______ is a specialized organ in placental mammals through which respiratory gasses, nutrients, and wastes are exchanged between the mother and her developing young

Answer 53

placenta

Question 54

The process of changes in shape and form of a larva into an adult is called _____

Answer 54

metamorphosis

Question 55

The _________ is an egg composed of shell and membranes that creates a protected environment in which the embryo can develop out of water

Answer 55

amniotic egg

Question 56

What are mammary glands

Answer 56

Gland in female mammals that produces milk to nourish the young

Question 57

______ interact with other body systems by releasing hormones into the blood that are carried throughout the body

Answer 57

endocrine glands

Question 58

Body temperature control requires what three components

Answer 58

A source of heat, a way to conserve heat, and a method of eliminating excess heat

Question 59

An ______ is an animal whose body temperature is determined by the temperature of its environment

Answer 59

ectotherm

Question 60

An _____ is an animal that regulates body temperature, at least in part, with the heat that its body generates

Answer 60

endotherm

Question 61

________ animals need much less food than similarly sized endotherms

Answer 61

ectothermic