Chapter 21 test

Question 1

what is a particle made of proteins, nucleic acids, and sometimes lipids that can replicate only by infecting living cells

Answer 1

Virus

Question 2

what is a protein coat surrounding a virus

Answer 2

Capsid

Question 3

what is a type of infection in which a virus enters a cell, makes copies of itself, and causes the cell to burst

Answer 3

lytic infection

Question 4

what is a kind of virus that infects bacteria

Answer 4

bacteriophage

Question 5

what is a type of infecting in which a virus embeds its DNA into the DNA of the host cell and is replicated along with the host cell’s DNA

Answer 5

lysogenic infection

Question 6

what is the bacteriophage DNA that is embedded in the bacterial hist’s DNA

Answer 6

prophage

Question 7

RNA virus that contains RNA as its genetic information

Answer 7

retrovirus

Question 8

is a virus living or nonliving

Answer 8

nonliving

Question 9

how can viruses reproduce

Answer 9

by infecting other living cells

Question 10

Viruses contain genetic information in the form of ______ or _______

Answer 10

RNA/DNA

Question 11

What are two viruses’ patterns of infection

Answer 11

lytic and lysogenic infection

Question 12

What happens when you get a common cold

Answer 12

cold viruses attack with a very simple, fast-acting infection

Question 13

viruses cause disease by directly ______ ______ or by affecting cellular processes in ways that upset _______

Answer 13

living cells/homeostasis

Question 14

What are two types of prevention and treatment of viruses

Answer 14

antiviral medication and others that help prolong the lives of people infected with HIV

Question 15

Are viruses parasites

Answer 15

yes

Question 16

what is the unicellular organism that lacks a nucleus

Answer 16

prokaryote

Question 17

What is a type of asexual reproduction in which an organism replicates its DNA and divides in half, producing two identical daughter cells

Answer 17

Binary fission

Question 18

what is a structure produced by prokaryotes in unfavorable conditions; a thick internal wall that encloses the DNA and a portion of the cytoplasm

Answer 18

endosphere

Question 19

what is the process in which paramecia and some prokaryotes exchange genetic information

Answer 19

conjugation

Question 20

What is a disease-causing agent

Answer 20

pathogen

Question 21

what is the preparation of weakened or killed pathogens used to produce immunity to a disease

Answer 21

Vaccine

Question 22

What is a group of drugs used to block the growth and reproduction of bacterial pathogens

Answer 22

antibiotic

Question 23

Where is the DNA of prokaryotes located

Answer 23

cytoplasm

Question 24

Prokaryotes belong to what two domains

Answer 24

Bacteria and Archaea

Question 25

The cell walls of bacteria contain ___________, which is a polymer of sugars and amino acids that surrounded the cell membrane

Answer 25

peptidolycan

Question 26

Many archaea live where

Answer 26

extremely harsh environments

Question 27

what are the three basic shapes of prokaryotes

Answer 27

rod, spherical, and spiral

Question 28

Most prokaryotes reproduce by what process

Answer 28

Binary fission

Question 29

Since many prokaryotes reproduce asexualy, what two ways do their populations evolve

Answer 29

mutations and through conjugation

Question 30

In a typical human intestine there may be as many as how many bacteria

Answer 30

30 trillion bacteria

Question 31

Bacteria produce disease in what two general ways

Answer 31

by destroying living cells or release chemicals that release homeostasis

Question 32

What are infections that evolve and make medicines less effective

Answer 32

superbugs

Question 33

What is an unknown disease that becomes hard to control

Answer 33

An emerging disease

Question 34

what is a short hairlike projection that produces movement

Answer 34

cilium

Question 35

What is a structure used by protists for movement; produces movement in a wavelike motion

Answer 35

flagellum

Question 36

what is a life cycle that has two alternating phases---a haploid phase and diploid phase

Answer 36

alternation of generations

Question 37

What are eukaryotes that are not members of the plant, animal, or fungi kingdom

Answer 37

protists

Question 38

How many species of protists are there

Answer 38

300,000

Question 39

How many major clades or groups of protists are there

Answer 39

6

Question 40

What are the ways protists move

Answer 40

change their cell shape, means of specialized organelle, don't move except by wind or water

Question 41

What ways do protists reproduce

Answer 41

mitosis, or asexual reproduction

Question 42

What are complex carbohydrate that makes up the cell walls of fungi; also found in the external skeletons of arthropods

Answer 42

Chitin

Question 43

what is one of many long, slender filaments that makes up the body of a fungus

Answer 43

hypha

Question 44

what is a reproductive structure of a fungus that grows from the mycelium

Answer 44

fruiting body

Question 45

what is a densely branched network of the hyphae of a fungus

Answer 45

mycelium

Question 46

what is the symbiotic association between a fungus and a photosynthetic organism

Answer 46

lichen

Question 47

what is a symbiotic association of plant roots and fungi

Answer 47

mycorrhiza

Question 48

what is heterotrophic with cell walls

Answer 48

fungi

Question 49

how can fungi reproduce asexually

Answer 49

spores by air or water

Question 50

do most fungi reproduce sexually or asexually

Answer 50

sexually

Question 51

How many species of fungi are known

Answer 51

100,000

Question 52

What are the four major phyla of fungi

Answer 52

Ascomycota, zygomycota, trititiomicota

Question 53

how do fungi help ecosystems maintain homeostasis

Answer 53

breaking down dead organisms, or recycling elements

Question 54

How can parasitic fungi cause serious diseases in plants and animals

Answer 54

disrupting homeostasis

Question 55

What kind of relationships do fungi form with plant roots

Answer 55

mutualistic

Question 56

Scientists estimate that what percent of plant species form mycorrhizae with fungi

Answer 56

80-90 percent