Chapter 25_1 flashcards

Question 1

Diabetes Mellitus (DM): Simple Definition

Answer 1

A disorder of carbohydrate metabolism with high blood glucose levels, caused by the body’s inability to produce or properly use insulin.

Question 2

Four Major Categories of Diabetes (Table 25-1)

Answer 2

1. Type 1 Diabetes (T1DM). 2. Type 2 Diabetes (T2DM). 3. Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM). 4. Other specific types (e.g., from pancreatitis, drug-induced).

Question 3

Insulin: Role in Glucose Uptake

Answer 3

A hormone from pancreatic beta cells that acts like a key, allowing glucose to move from the bloodstream into body cells for energy.

Question 4

Normal Fasting Blood Glucose Level

Answer 4

Approximately 70-100 mg/dL.

Question 5

Hypoglycemia vs. Hyperglycemia

Answer 5

Hypoglycemia: Blood glucose is too low (< 70 mg/dL). Hyperglycemia: Blood glucose is too high (>= 200 mg/dL).

Question 6

The Three “P’s” of Diabetes Symptoms

Answer 6

Polydipsia (constant thirst), Polyuria (excessive urination), and Polyphagia (increased appetite).

Question 7

Glycogenesis, Glycogenolysis, Gluconeogenesis

Answer 7

Glycogenesis: Formation of glycogen (stored glucose) in the liver and muscles. Glycogenolysis: Breakdown of stored glycogen to release glucose. Gluconeogenesis: Creation of new glucose by the liver from amino acids and fats during starvation.

Question 8

Ketones (Ketoacids): How They Form

Answer 8

When the body breaks down fats for energy (lipolysis) because it can’t use glucose, fatty acids are converted into ketones. High levels lead to ketoacidosis.

Question 9

Prediabetes (Impaired Glucose Tolerance - IGT): Definition & Lab Values

Answer 9

Blood glucose levels are higher than normal but not high enough for a diabetes diagnosis. Fasting Glucose: 100-125 mg/dL. A1c: 5.7% to <6.5%.

Question 10

Diagnostic Criteria for Diabetes (Box 25-1)

Answer 10

Fasting Plasma Glucose: >= 126 mg/dL. OR Two-hour OGTT: >= 200 mg/dL. OR A1c: >= 6.5%. OR Random Plasma Glucose: >= 200 mg/dL (with symptoms). Diagnosis requires confirmation on a subsequent day for most tests.

Question 11

Glycated Hemoglobin (A1c) Test: What It Measures

Answer 11

Measures the percentage of hemoglobin that has glucose attached, providing an average of blood glucose control over the preceding 3 months.

Question 12

Insulin as an Anabolic (“Fat Sparer”) Hormone

Answer 12

Insulin promotes the building of muscle, storage of fat, and formation of glycogen, while inhibiting the breakdown of body proteins and fats for energy.

Question 13

Glucagon: Role in Blood Glucose Regulation

Answer 13

A hormone from pancreatic alpha cells that is released when blood glucose is low. It raises blood glucose by stimulating the liver to perform glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis.

Question 14

Incretins (GIP & GLP-1): Role in Glucose Regulation

Answer 14

Hormones released by the GI tract after a meal. They stimulate insulin secretion, suppress glucagon, and slow gastric emptying to help control post-meal blood sugar spikes.

Question 15

Hyperinsulinism: Definition

Answer 15

A condition where blood insulin levels are high. Can occur when the pancreas overworks to compensate for cellular insulin resistance (common in T2DM).

Question 16

Glucosuria & Ketonuria

Answer 16

Glucosuria: Glucose in the urine, which occurs when blood glucose levels are so high that the kidneys cannot reabsorb all of it. Ketonuria: Ketones in the urine, indicating the body is breaking down fats for energy.