Chapter 26

Question 1

Phylogeny

Answer 1

the evolutionary history of a species or group of related species

Question 2

Systematics

Answer 2

a discipline that deals with the classification of organisms and the determining of their evolutionary relationships

Question 3

Taxonomy

Answer 3

the scientific discipline concerned with classifying and naming organisms

Question 4

What two key features in Carolus Linnaeus’s system of taxonomy (based on resemblances) remain useful today

Answer 4

1) Two-part names for species
2) hierarchical classification

Question 5

Binomial

Answer 5

The two-part scientific name of a species

Question 6

The first part of a binomial is the _______ and the second part, which is unique for each species, is _______

Answer 6

genus; specific epithet

Question 7

T/F: The specific epithet of a species can be sufficient to name a species

Answer 7

False; both parts together name the species

Question 8

The eight parts of Hierarchical Classification

Answer 8

1) Domain
2) Kingdom
3) Phylum
4) Class
5) Order
6) Family
7) Genus
8) Species

Danny Kicked Puppies Carelessly Often For Gits and Shiggles

Question 9

Taxon

Answer 9

A taxonomic unit at any level of hierarchy

Question 10

Branch point

Answer 10

represents the divergence of two species

Question 11

Sister taxa

Answer 11

groups that share an immediate common ancestor on a phylogeny

Question 12

Rooted Tree

Answer 12

Includes a branch to represent the last common ancestor of all taxa in the tree

Question 13

Basal taxon

Answer 13

diverges early in the history of a group and originates near the common ancestor of the group

Question 14

Polytomy

Answer 14

A branch from which more than two groups emerge

Question 15

Homology

Answer 15

similarity due to shared ancestry

Question 16

Analogy

Answer 16

similarity due to convergent evolution

Question 17

Aligning segments of DNA

Answer 17

If deletions or insertions occur, DNA will align itself

Question 18

Cladistics

Answer 18

groups organisms by common descent

Question 19

Clade

Answer 19

A group of species that includes an ancestral species and all its descendants

Question 20

T/F: Clades can not be nested in larger clades

Answer 20

False; they can be

Question 21

T/F: All groupings of organisms qualify as clades

Answer 21

False; not all groupings of organisms qualify as clades

Question 22

A valid clade is __________, signifying that…

Answer 22

monophyletic; it consists of the ancestor species and all its descendants

Question 23

Paraphyletic group

Answer 23

consists of an ancestral species and some, but not all, of the descendants

Question 24

Polyphyletic grouping

Answer 24

includes distantly related species but does not include their most recent common ancestor

Question 25

Shared ancestral character

Answer 25

a character that originated in an ancestor of the taxon

Question 26

Shared derived character

Answer 26

an evolutionary novelty unique to a particular clade

Question 27

T/F: A character can be both ancestral and derived, depending on the context

Answer 27

True

Question 28

Outgroup

Answer 28

A species or group of species that is closely related to the in-group

Question 29

Ingroup

Answer 29

the various species being studied

Question 30

Maximum parsimony

Answer 30

assumes that the tree that requires the fewest evolutionary events (appearances of shared derived characters) is the most likely

Question 31

Maximum likelihood

Answer 31

states that, given certain rules about how DNA changes over time, a tree can be found that reflects the most likely sequence of evolutionary events

Question 32

The best hypotheses for phylogenetic trees fit the __________

Answer 32

most data: morphological, molecular, and fossil

Question 33

Phylogenetic bracketing allows us to...

Answer 33

predict features of an ancestor from features of its descendants

Question 34

Comparing __________ or other molecules to infer relatedness is a valuable approach for tracing organisms' evolutionary history

Answer 34

nucleic acids

Question 35

_______ that codes for _______ changes relatively slowly and is useful for investigating branching points hundreds of millions of yeas ago

Answer 35

DNA; rRNA

Question 36

_______ evolves rapidly and can be used to explore recent evolutionary events

Answer 36

mtDNA

Question 37

Gene duplication

Answer 37

increases the number of genes in a genome, allowing for more opportunities for evolutionary change

Question 38

T/F: Gene number and the complexity of an organism are not strongly linked

Answer 38

True

Question 39

molecular clock

Answer 39

uses constant rates of evolution in some genes to estimate the absolute time in evolutionary change

Question 40

orthologous genes

Answer 40

genes in different species that share a common ancestor

Question 41

paralogous genes

Answer 41

genes that are copies of each other, created by gene duplication