Chapter 29

Question 1

Cyanobacteria and protists likely existed on land __________ years ago

Answer 1

1.2 Billion

Question 2

Around __________ years ago, small plants, fungi, and animals emerged on land

Answer 2

500 million

Question 3

Land plants are defined as having __________ ancestors, even though some are now _______

Answer 3

Terrestrial; aquatic

Question 4

Land plants share what four characteristics with only charophytes

Answer 4

1) Rings of cellulose-synthesizing proteins
2) Structure of flagellated sperm
3) Formation of a phragmoplast
4) DNA

Question 5

Bryophytes

Answer 5

Non-vascular plants

Question 6

Spermatophytes

Answer 6

Seed plants

Question 7

Embryophytes

Answer 7

Land plants

Question 8

Streptophytes

Answer 8

Green plants

Question 9

In charophytes, a layer of a durable polymer called __________ prevents exposed zygotes from drying out

Answer 9

sporopollenin

Question 10

Land presented challenges: a _______ of water and lack of ____________

Answer 10

scarcity; structural support

Question 11

Five key traits appear in nearly all land plants but are absent in the charophytes

Answer 11

1) Alternation of generations
2) multicellular, dependent embryos
3) Walled spored produced in sporangia
4) Multicellular gametangia
5) Apical meristems

Question 12

Alternation of generations

Answer 12

the process by which plants alternate between two multicellular stages; a reproductive cycle

Question 13

gametophyte

Answer 13

haploid and produces haploid gametes by mitosis

Question 14

sporophyte

Answer 14

Arises from the fusion of gametes; produces haploid spores by meiosis

Question 15

Embryophytes

Answer 15

the name for land plants; given because of the dependence of the embryo on the parent

Question 16

Cuticle

Answer 16

a waxy covering of the epidermis

Question 17

Stomata

Answer 17

specialized cells that create pores which allows for gas exchange between the outside air and the plant

Question 18

Mycorrhizae

Answer 18

symbiotic associations between fungi and land plants; may have helped plants without true roots obtain nutrients

Question 19

A

Answer 19

Cuticle

Question 20

B

Answer 20

Upper Epidermis

Question 21

C

Answer 21

Palisade Layer

Question 22

D

Answer 22

Spongy Mesophyll

Question 23

E

Answer 23

Lower Epidermis

Question 24

F

Answer 24

Cuticle

Question 25

Fossil evidence indicates that plants were on land at least __________ years ago

Answer 25

470 million

Question 26

Fossilized spores and tissues have been extracted from _______________

Answer 26

450-million-year-old rocks

Question 27

Fossils of larger structures, such as sporangium, date to __________ years ago

Answer 27

425 million

Question 28

Land plants can be informally grouped based on the presence or absence of _________

Answer 28

vascular tissue

Question 29

vascular plants

Answer 29

Plants that have vascular tissues

Question 30

Nonvascular plants are commonly called ________

Answer 30

bryophytes

Question 31

The two clades of vascular plants

Answer 31

- Lycophytes - Monilophytes

Question 32

Lycophytes

Answer 32

Club mosses and their relatives

Question 33

Monilophytes

Answer 33

ferns and their relatives

Question 34

A grade

Answer 34

a group of organisms that are together based on shared key biological features, rather than shared ancestry

Question 35

The three phyla of bryophytes

Answer 35

- Hepatophyta - Bryophyta - Anthocerophyta

Question 36

Hepatophyta

Answer 36

liverworts

Question 37

Bryophyta

Answer 37

Mosses

Question 38

Anthocerophyta

Answer 38

Hornworts

Question 39

T/F: In Bryophytes, sporophytes are dominant and are longer lived and larger

Answer 39

False; the gametophyte is dominant

Question 40

Xylem

Answer 40

vascular tissue that conducts most of the water and minerals

Question 41

Tracheids

Answer 41

tube-shaped cells found in the xylem

Question 42

lignin

Answer 42

strengthen and support water-conducting cells

Question 43

Phloem

Answer 43

vascular tissue that has cells arranged into tubes that distribute sugars, amino acids, and other organic products

Question 44

Roots

Answer 44

organs that anchor v vascular plants

Question 45

Leaves

Answer 45

organs that increase the surface area of vascular plants, thereby capturing more solar energy that is used for photosynthesis

Question 46

Microphylls

Answer 46

leaves with a single vein

Question 47

Megaphylls

Answer 47

leaves with a highly branched vascular system

Question 48

Sporophylls

Answer 48

modified leaves with sporangia

Question 49

Sori

Answer 49

clusters of sporangia on the undersides of sporophylls

Question 50

Strobili

Answer 50

cone-like structures formed from groups of sporophylls