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Evolution and Biological Diversity > Chapter 34 > Flashcards

Chapter 34 Flashcards

(61 cards)

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1
Q

Vertebrates

A

animals with vertebrae, the series of bones that make up the backbone

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2
Q

One lineage of vertebrates colonized land ______ million years ago and gave rise to modern __________, _________, and _________

A

365; amphibians; reptiles; mammals

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3
Q

Chordates

A

phylum Chordata; bilateral animals that belong to the clade Deuterostomia

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4
Q

Chordates comprise all __________ and two groups of invertebrates, the __________ and ___________

A

vertebrates; urochordates; cephalochordates

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5
Q

Four key characters of chordates

A

1) notochord
2) Dorsal, hollow nerve cord
3) Pharyngeal slits or clefts
4) Muscular, post-anal tail

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6
Q

notochord

A

a longitudinal, flexible rod between the digestive tube and nerve cord; provides skeletal support

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7
Q

The nerve cord

A

develops from a plate of ectoderm that rolls into a tube dorsal to the notochord

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8
Q

pharyngeal clefts

A

grooves in the pharynx of most chordates that develop into slits that open to the outside of the body

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9
Q

Functions of pharyngeal slits

A
  • Suspension-feeding structures in many invertebrate chordates
  • Gas exchange in vertebrates (except in tetrapods)
  • develop into parts of the ear, head, and neck in tetrapods
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10
Q

Lancelets

A

Cephalochardata; named for their bladelike shape; marine suspension feeder that retain characteristics of the chordate body plan as adults

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11
Q

Tunicates

A

Urochordata; closest relative to lancelets; mostly resemble chordates in their larva stage (only a few minutes)

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12
Q

T/F: Tunicates are parasitic

A

False; tunicates draw in water through an incurrent siphon and filter feed

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13
Q

The same _________ that organize the vertebrate brain are expressed in the __________ simple nerve cord tip

A

Hox genes; lancelet’s

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14
Q

T/F: Vertebrates have two or more sets of Hox genes whereas lancelets and tunicates have only one

A

True

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15
Q

Vertebrates have the following derived characters

A
  • Neural crest
  • Vertebrae enclosing a spinal cord
  • An elaborate skull
  • Fin rays, in the aquatic forms
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16
Q

Fossil evidence shows that the earliest vertebrates lacked _____

A

jaws

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17
Q

Only two lineages of jawless vertebrates remain today: __________ and __________

A

hagfishes; lampreys

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18
Q

T/F: hagfishes and lampreys lack a backbone

A

True

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19
Q

Gnathostomes

A

vertebrates that have jaws

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20
Q

Common gnathostome characteristics

A
  • Genome duplication (including Hox genes)
  • An enlarged forebrain associated with enhanced smell and vision
  • lateral line system , which is sensitive to movement, vibrations, and pressure (in aquatic gnathostomes)
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21
Q

Chondrichthyans

A

have skeleton composed primarily of cartilage; includes sharks, rays, and skates

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22
Q

T/F: the smallest sharks are suspension feeders, but most are carnivores

A

False; the largest sharks are suspension feeders

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23
Q

T/F: Sharks and some other animals have two jaws, the oral jaws and pharyngeal jaws

A

True

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24
Q

Shark eggs are fertilized internally but embryos can develop in three different ways:

A

1) Oviparous
2) Ovoviviparous
3) Viviparous

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25
Oviparous
Eggs hatch outside the mother's body
26
Ovoviviparous
The embryo develops within the uterus and is nourished by the egg yolk
27
Viviparous
The embryo develops within the uterus and is nourished through a yolk sac placenta from the mother's blood
28
cloaca
the common place where the reproductive tract, excretory system, and digestive tract empty
29
Osteichthyans
vertebrates with bony endoskeletons; include bony fish and tetrapods
30
Actinopterygii
the ray-finned fishes; include nearly all the familiar aquatic osteichthyans
31
Lobe-fins
Have muscular pelvic and pectoral fins that they use to swim and "walk"; include coelacanths, lungfishes, and tetrapods
32
Specific adaptations of Tetrapods
- Four limbs, and feet with digits - A neck - Fusion of the pelvic girdle to the backbone - The absence of gills (except some aquatic species) - Ears for detecting airborne sounds
33
three amphibian clades
- Urodela (salamanders) - Anura (frogs) - Apoda (caecilians)
34
Salamanders
amphibians with tails; some are aquatic while others live on land
35
Paedomorphosis
the retention of juvenile features in sexually mature organisms; common aquatic species
36
Anurans
Frogs; lack tails and have powerful hind legs for locomotion
37
Toads
frogs with leathery skin
38
Tadpoles
herbivores that lack legs, but legs, lungs. external eardrums, and adaptations for carnivore may all arise during metamorphosis
39
Apoda
Caecilians; legless, nearly blind and resemble earthworms
40
T/F: in caecilians, the absence of legs is a primary adaptation
False; secondary
41
Amniotes
A group of tetrapods; living members include reptiles, birds, and mammals
42
Reptiles
have scales, lay shelled eggs on land
43
Ectothermic
Cold-blooded; rely on external sources of heat to regulate their body temperature
44
Endothermic
Warm-blooded; dependent on or capable of the internal generation of heat
45
Theropods
Bipedal carnivores; the group from which birds come
46
Snakes
legless lepidosaurs; canivorous
47
Snake adaptations to help feeding
- Chemical sensors - Heat-detecting organs - Vemon - Loosely articulated jawbones and elastic skin
48
Derived characters of Birds
- Characters of birds are adaptations that facilitate flight - wings with keratin feathers - lack of a unirnary bladder, females with only one ovary, small gonads, and loss of teeth
49
Adaptations unique to mammals
- Mammary glands (produce milk) - Hair - A high metabolic rate (endothermy) - A larger brain than other vertebrates of equivalent size - Differentiated teeth
50
Monotremes
small group of egg-laying mammals consisting of echidnas and the platypus
51
Primitive monotreme features
- Egg-laying (oviparity) - Cloaca - Egg tooth - Primitive skeletal features
52
Marsupials
Animals born in very early in its development; the embryo develops within a placenta in the mother's uterus; short gestation, long lactation
53
Eutherians
placental mammals; complete embryonic development within a uterus joined to the mother's placenta
54
Primates
lemurs, tarsiers, monkeys, and apes; have hands and feet adapted for grasping, and flat nails
55
Derived characters of primates
- a large brain and short jaw - Forward-looking eyes close together - complex social behavior and parental care - fully opposable thumbs
56
Three main groups of primates
- Lemurs, lorises, and bush babies - Tarsiers - Anthropoids (monkeys and apes)
57
Curiosity
a quality related to inquisitive thinking and is evident in humans and animals
58
Derived characters of humans
- upright posture and bipedal locomotion - Larger brains capable of language, symbolic thought, art, and the manufacturing of complex tools - reduced jawbones and jaw muscles - shorter digestive tract
59
Paleoanthropology
The study of human origins
60
Hominins
more closely related to humans than to chimpanzees
61
Homo ergaster
the first fully bipedal, large-brained hominid

Evolution and Biological Diversity (17 decks)

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