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Bio 1400 Exam 2 > Chapter 27: Part one > Flashcards

Chapter 27: Part one Flashcards

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1
Q

Two Domains of the Prokaryotes

A

Bacteria & Archaea

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2
Q

Prokaryotes thrive almost everywhere, including places

A

too acidic, salty, cold, or hot for most other organisms

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3
Q

prokaryotes are microscopic

A

but what they lack in size they

make up for in numbers

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4
Q

short generation time allows prokaryotes

A

to evolve quickly; Prokaryotes are not “primitive” but highly evolved

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5
Q

Earth’s first organisms

A

prokaryotes

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6
Q

prokaryotes are unicellular

A

although some species

aggregate to form colonies

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7
Q

Prokaryotic cells have a variety of shapes

A
  • Spheres (cocci)
  • Rods (bacilli)
  • Spirals
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8
Q

important feature of nearly all prokaryotic cells

A

is their cell wall

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9
Q

Cell wall of a Prokaryotic cell

A

maintains cell shape, protects the cell, and prevents it from bursting in a hypotonic environment

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10
Q

Eukaryote cell walls (plants/fungi) are made

A

cellulose or chitin

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11
Q

peptidoglycan

A

a network of sugar

polymers cross-linked by polypeptides

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12
Q

Bacterial cell walls contain

A

peptidoglycan

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13
Q

Gram stain

A

to classify bacteria by their cell wall composition

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14
Q

Gram-positive

A

bacteria have simpler walls with a large amount of peptidoglycan

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15
Q

Gram-negative

A

bacteria have less peptidoglycan and an

outer membrane that can be toxic

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16
Q

endospores

A

endospores of Bacillus anthracis were sent thru the mail; 18 people developed inhalation anthrax & 5 died.

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17
Q

taxis

A

the ability to move toward or away from a stimulus

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18
Q

Chemotaxis

A

is the movement toward or away from a chemical stimulus

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19
Q

Most motile bacteria propel themselves by FLAGELLA,

A

scattered about the surface or concentrated at one or both ends

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20
Q

FLAGELLA IS COMPOSED

A

OF PROTEIN —–> Analogous NOT homologous

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21
Q

Bacterial flagella are composed

A

motor, hook, and filament

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22
Q

exaptation

A

where existing structures take on new functions through descent with modification

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23
Q

Prokaryotic cells usually lack

A

complex compartmentalization

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24
Q

nucleoid region

A

chromosome is not surrounded by a membrane; it is located in the

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25
There are some differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes
- DNA replication - transcription - translation
26
asexual binary fission
Prokaryotes reproduce quickly, & can divide every 1–3 hours; offspring cells are generally identical
27
Mutation rates during binary fission are low
but because of rapid reproduction, mutations can accumulate rapidly in a population and can lead to rapid evolution of the species
28
horizontal gene transfer
Movement of genes among individuals from different species
29
Transformation
A prokaryotic cell can take up and incorporate foreign DNA from the surrounding environment in a process called
30
Example of transformation
Ex. Streptococcus pneumoniae transformed into pathogen by taking up DNA that includes alleles for pathogenicity from dead, broken- open pathogenic cells
31
Conjugation
is the process where genetic material (DNA) is transferred from 1 prokaryotic cell to another of the same species that are temporarily joined
32
F factor
A piece of DNA and its required for production pilli
33
plasmids
Some species of bacteria also have smaller rings of DNA called
34
R plasmids
carry genes for antibiotic resistance
35
Antibiotics kill sensitive bacteria
but not bacteria with | specific R plasmids
36
AUTOTROPH
Need only an inorganic compound such as CO2 as carbon source
37
HETEROTROPH
Require an organic nutrient (contains C:H bonds) such as glucose as carbon source
38
Chemoheterotrophs
can function as decomposers
39
Obligate aerobes
require O2 for cellular respiration
40
Obligate anaerobes
are poisoned by O2 and use fermentation or anaerobic respiration
41
Facultative anaerobes
can survive with or | without O2
42
nitrogen fixation
some prokaryotes, convert atmospheric | nitrogen (N2) to ammonia (NH3). Ex. cyanobacteria
43
heterocysts
there are specialized photosynthetic cells and nitrogen-fixing cells that exchange metabolic products
44
biofilms
Metabolic cooperation occurs between different prokaryotic species in surface-coating colonies
45
ARCHAEA
share certain traits with bacteria and other traits with eukaryotes
46
extremophiles
Some archaea live in extreme environments
47
Extreme halophiles
live in highly saline environments
48
Extreme thermophiles
thrive in very hot environments
49
Methanogens
live in swamps & marshes & produce methane as waste, | are strict anaerobes and are poisoned by O2
50
Alpha Proteobacteria
The theory is that mitochondria evolved from aerobic alpha proteobacteria through endosymbiosis
51
Gamma Proteobacteria
Examples include sulfur bacteria
52
Chemoheterotrophic prokaryotes function as decomposers,
breaking down dead organisms and waste products
53
Symbiosis
a larger host and a smaller symbiont
54
commensalism
one organism benefits while neither harming | nor helping the other in any significant way
55
parasitism
an organism called a parasite harms but does not kill its host
56
pathogens
Parasites that cause disease
57
mutualism
both symbiotic organisms benefit
58
Exotoxins
are proteins secreted by certain bacteria and cause disease even if the prokaryotes that produce them are not present
59
Endotoxins
are lipopolysaccharides released only when some gram | negative bacteria die & their cell walls break down
60
bioremediation
the use of organisms to remove pollutants from the environment
61
Conjugation
Is the process where genetic material (DNA) is tranferred from 1 prokaryotic cell to another of the same species that are temporaily joined
62
Donor cell transfers DNA to the reciepient thru the bridge
Result is a recombinant bacterium ghat has genes derived from 2 different cells

Bio 1400 Exam 2 (5 decks)

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