Chapter 28: Part one

Question 1

Protist

Answer 1

is the informal name of mostly unicellular eukaryotes

that are not plants, animals or fungi

Question 2

ALL Protists

Answer 2

are eukaryotes

Question 3

protista is no longer

Answer 3

valid as a kingdom

Question 4

Four Supergroups of Eukaryota

Answer 4

• Excavata
• SAR
• Archaeplastida
• Unikonta

Question 5

Protists, the most nutritionally diverse

Answer 5

• Photoautotroph
• Heterotrophs
• Mixotrophs

Question 6

Photoautotrophs

Answer 6

contain chloroplasts

Question 7

Heterotrophs

Answer 7

absorb organic molecules or ingest larger food particles

Question 8

Mixotrophs

Answer 8

combine photosynthesis & heterotrophic nutrition

Question 9

Endosymbiosis

Answer 9

is a relationship between 2 species in which 1 organism lives inside the cell or cells of the other organism (the host)

Question 10

alpha proteobacterium

Answer 10

Mitochondria evolved once by endosymbiosis

Question 11

photosynthetic cyanobacterium

Answer 11

Plastids evolved later by endosymbiosis of a

Question 12

Endosymbiosis of cyanobacterium—>

Answer 12

unicellular green algae —> land plants

Question 13

Excavates are protists

Answer 13

with modified mitochondria & unique flagella

Question 14

Diplomonads & Parabasalids clades

Answer 14

Most live in anaerobic environments & some are parasitic

Question 15

Parabasalids

Answer 15

have reduced mitochondria called

hydrogenosomes that generate energy anaerobically

Question 16

Trichomonas vaginalis

Answer 16

the pathogen that causes yeast infections in human females

Question 17

Euglenozoa

Answer 17

is a diverse clade that includes: predatory heterotrophs; photosynthetic autotrophs; parasites; & mixotrophs(are autotrophic in sunlight, but can be become heterotrophic in the dark)

Question 18

Euglenids

Answer 18

have 1 or 2 flagella that emerge

from a pocket at one end of the cell

Question 19

Kinetoplastids

Answer 19

have a single mitochondrion with an organized mass of DNA called a kinetoplast

Question 20

The “SAR” clade is a highly diverse group

Answer 20

of protists defined by DNA similarities

Question 21

“SAR” clade

Answer 21

Stramenopiles, Alveolates and Rhizarians

Question 22

stramenopiles clade

Answer 22

includes some of the most
important photosynthetic organisms on Earth
-hairy flagellum paired with smooth flagellum
-diatoms, golden algae & brown algae

Question 23

Diatoms

Answer 23

are unicellular algae with a unique two-part, glass- like wall of silicon dioxide

Question 24

The wall is divided into 2 overlapping parts & enables

Answer 24

ive diatoms to withstand immense pressure, a defense for them from the crushing jaws of predators

Question 25

Golden algae

Answer 25

are named for their color, which results from their yellow and brown carotenoids

Question 26

Brown algae

Answer 26

seaweeds

Question 27

holdfast

Answer 27

rootlike

Question 28

stipe

Answer 28

stemlike

Question 29

blades

Answer 29

leaflike

Question 30

Alveolata clade

Answer 30

have membrane-enclosed | sacs (alveoli) just under the plasma membrane

Question 31

Dinoflagellates

Answer 31

an alveolate in the SAR Clade

Question 32

Plasmodium

Answer 32

the apicomplexan parasite that causes malaria

Question 33

Rhizarians Protists (R in the"SAR" clade)

Answer 33

are amoebas

Question 34

radiolarians

Answer 34

Marine protists | - have delicate, symmetrical internal skeletons

Question 35

Archaeplastida supergroup

Answer 35

includes red & green algae | - land plants

Question 36

Land plants are descended

Answer 36

from the green algae

Question 37

Green algae have 3 mechanisms

Answer 37

1. Formation of colonies from individual cells 2. Formation of multicellular bodies by cell division 3. Repeated division of nuclei

Question 38

Unikonta supergroup includes

Answer 38

protists that are closely related to fungi & animals

Question 39

Amoebozoans......a clade Unikonta

Answer 39

are amoebas that have lobe- or tube-shaped, | rather than threadlike, pseudopodia

Question 40

Photosynthetic Protists

Answer 40

Many protists are important producers that obtain energy | from the sun