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Biology 192 > Chapter 29 > Flashcards

Chapter 29 Flashcards

1
Q

Bacteria that live within other cells and perform specific functions for their host cell

A

Endosymbiotic bacteria

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2
Q

Name two supporting evidences for the endosymbiotic theory

A

Both mitochondria and chloroplasts both contain their own DNA
Both replicate by binary fission not mitosis which supports their bacterial origin

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3
Q

Unlike plants, fungi, and animals protists are not ___

A

monophyletic

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4
Q

Protist cell surfaces are very diverse. Name 2 mentioned in the text

A

Amoebas - surrounded by plasma membrane

Diatoms -glassy shell

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5
Q

Protist movement is chiefly by ___ or ____

A

flagellar rotation

pseuopods

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6
Q

Protists that ingest visible particles of food by pulling them into intracellular vesicles called food vacuoles or phagosomes

A

Phagotrophs

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7
Q

Protists that ingest food in soluble form are called

A

osmotrophs

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8
Q

Protists that are both phototrophs and heterotrophs

A

mixotrophs

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9
Q

Asexual reproduction of protists involves ____ but often the nuclear membrane remains intact.

A

mitosis

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10
Q

When a cell splits into two halves after mitosis. Usually the daughter cell is smaller but later grows to full size

A

budding

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11
Q

When cell division is preceded by several nuclear divisions. This allows cytokinesis to produce several individuals almost simultaneously

A

schizogony

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12
Q

Some protists reproduce by the union of two haploid cells

A

Sexual reproduction

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13
Q

The great advantage of multicellularity is

A

it fosters specialization

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14
Q

___, ___, and ___ are grouped as Excavata based on cytoskeletal and DNA sequence similarities showing evolutionary relatedness. Most have a groove on the side of their bodies used for feeding.

A

Diplomonads
Parabasalids
Euglenozoans

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15
Q 
Unicellular
move with multiple flagella 
Lack mitochondria
Have two nucleii
Example is Giardia
A

Excavata: Diplomonads

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16
Q

Some live in the guts of termites and digest cellulose
Another example is the protist that causes the STD Trichomonas vaginalis
Have undulating membranes for locomotion
Lack mitochondria
Flagellated

A

Excavata: Parabasalids

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17
Q

Possess mitochondria
Some have chloroplasts others are heterotrophs
Some have the ability to become heterotrophs in the absence of light
Contain a pellicle
Reproduction occurs by mitosis

A

Excavata: Euglenozoa: Euglenids

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18
Q

Interlocking proteinaceous strips arranged in a helical pattern form a flexible structure

19
Q

Two flagella are attached, one is long and has a row of fine hairs along one side. A second shorter flagellum is located within the cell’s reservoir. Contains contractile vacuoles. Contains a light sensitive stigma that helps it move towards light. Contain many small chloroplasts.

A

Excavata: Euglenozoa: Euglena

20
Q
  • single mitochondria in each cell that contains two types of DNA
  • example is Trypanosome which causes sleeping sickness and Chagas disease
A

Excavata: Euglenozoa: Kinetoplastids

21
Q

Alveolates include ___, ___, and ____ all of which have a common lineage but diverse modes of locomotion

A

Dinoflagellates
Apicomplexans
Ciliates

22
Q

A second branch of Chromalveolates is the _____ including Brown Algae, Diatoms, and Oomycetes

A

Stramenopila

23
Q
  • most are photosynthetic
  • two flagella
  • live in marine and fresh water
  • encased in plates made with silica
  • have chlorophylls a and c and carotenoids
  • ex) red tide
  • reproduce mainly asexually but can reproduce sexually under starvation
A

Chromalveolata: Stramenopila: Dinoflagellates

24
Q
  • Spore-forming parasites of animals
  • have a unique arrangement of fibrils, microtubules, vacuoles, and organelles at one end of the cell
  • Example is Plasmodium which causes malaria
A

Chromalveolata: Alveolata: Apicomplexans

25
Ciliates have a ____, a tough but flexible outer covering that enables them to squeeze through or move around obstacles
pellicle
26
Divide by mitosis and are essential for the physiological function of the well known ciliate Paramecium
Macronucleus
27
Used in ciliates for sexual reproduction
Micronucleus
28
Like most ciliates, Paramecium undergoes sexual reproduction known as
conjugation
29
- photosynthetic - unicellular - double shells made of opaline silica - chlorophyll a, c, and carotenoids
Chromalveolata: Stramenopila: Diatoms
30
- Either a parasite or saprobes - Motile spores called zoospores with two unequal flagella - found in water and have terrestrial relatives - ex) Phytophthora infestans which caused the potato famine
Chromalveolata: Stramenopila: Oomycetes
31
- No flagella - Have both haploid and diploid life phases - Used as a thickener for ice cream and cosmetics - Commonly called red algae
Archaeplastida: Rhodophyta
32
- Lineage of green algae - Have an extensive fossil record - Chlorophylls a, b, and carotenoids
Archaeplastida: Chlorophytes
33
- Unicellular chlorophytes - two flagella at the anterior end - haploid - reproduce asexually and sexually - able to retract its flagella and settle as an immobile organism if its habitat dries out
Archaeplastida: Chlorophytes: Chlamydomonas
34
a hollow sphere made up of a single later of 500-60000 cells each having two flagella. Only a small number of the cells are reproductive.
Archaeplastida: Chlorophytes: Volvox
35
A multicellular chlorophyte that has identical gametophyte and sporophyte generations that consist of flattened sheets two cells thick.
Archaeplastida: Chlorophytes: Ulva
36
Evidence from rRNA and DNA sequences favors ___ as the green algal clade most closely related to land plants
Charophytes
37
Use pseudopods for locomotion but are distinct from the Amoebozoans
Rhizaria
38
- Secrete glassy exoskeletons made of silica - Unicellular - Radial or bilateral symmetry
Rhizaria: Radiolarians
39
- Heterotrophic - Marine protists - Resemble tiny snails - Responsible for lime stone deposits - Their small shells are called tests - Have small cytoplasmic projections called podia
Rhizaria: Foraminifera
40
- Primarily soil protists - Rely on flagella or pseudopods - May have ingested a green alga as recently as 60MYA
Rhizaria: Cercozoa
41
- Move using a pseudopod - Found in soil and fresh water - Few are human pathogens
Amoebozoa: Amoebozoa
42
A non-walled multinucleate mass of cytoplasm that resembles a moving mass of slime
Plasmodium
43
The structure in which spores of Plasmodium are porduced
sporangium
44
Fungi and animals are more closely related to each other than to plants because they share a common ancestor which leads them to be grouped as
Opisthokonta

Biology 192 (7 decks)

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