Lectures 5&6

Question 1

Eukaryotes that do not have distinctive features of animals, plants, or fungi

Answer 1

Paraphyletic group

Question 2

Fossils of protists are found in rocks that are ____ BYA. The first protists appeared after ___ became abundant in the atmosphere and oceans

Answer 2

1.8-1.5

oxygen

Question 3

Protists that lived millions of years ago settled to the sea floor. Pressure and heat transformed them into ____ and ___

Answer 3

Petroleum

Natural Gas

Question 4

Eukaryotes that do not have the distinctive features of animals, plants, or fungi

Answer 4

Protista

Question 5

Characteristics of protista cell surface. Some with ____ only and others with ___ made of different material

Answer 5

plasma membrane

cell wall

Question 6

Protista mechanisms of movement.

Answer 6

Motile or non-motile

Question 7

Three types of motile appendages of protists

Answer 7

pseudopodia
flagella
cilia

Question 8

Transient projections of the cytoplasm

Answer 8

Pseudopodia

Question 9

Three types of protist body structure

Answer 9

Unicellular
Colonial
Multicellular

Question 10

Most protists live in water, moist soil, or ____

Answer 10

moist interiors of other organisms

Question 11

What are the 5 Types of asexual reproduction of protists

Answer 11

Spores
Binary fission
Budding
Schizogony
Fragmentation

Question 12

A haploid structure, usually unicellular, that can be dormant and eventually give origin to an adult organisms without fusion to another cell

Answer 12

Spore

Question 13

What are the 3 types of sexual reproduction of protists

Answer 13

Haplontic (zygotic meiosis)
Diplontic (gametic meiosis)
Haplodiplontic (sporic meiosis, alternation of generations)

Question 14

Animals and some protists have this life cycle. The only haploid cell in the cycle are the gametes. Only the diploid cell undergo mitosis. The gametes do not divide

Answer 14

Diplontic life cycle

Question 15

Occurs in most fungi ad some protists. The only diploid cell in the cycle is the zygote. The dominant generation is the haploid generation. Only the haploid cells undergo mitosis.

Answer 15

Haplontic life cycle

Question 16

Life cycle of most lats and some protists. Both diploid and haploid cells undergo mitosis.

Answer 16

Haplodiplontic life cycle

Question 17

Protists are alike in that all ____

Answer 17

have a nucleus

Question 18

Eukaryotes are divided into 6 monophyletic supergroups. Each supergroup includes ____. Each supergroup is a ____

Answer 18

protists

clade

Question 19

A group of species that includes the ancestral species and all its descendants.

Answer 19

Clade

Question 20

The classification of organisms is based on analysis of

Answer 20

DNA sequences

Question 21

Unicellular with feeding grooves on the side of their bodies

Answer 21

Excavata

Question 22

Lack functional mitochondria. Have two nuclei. Example is Giardia which causes diarrhea (hiker’s diarrhea)

Answer 22

Diplomonads

Question 23

Lack functional mitochondria. Have undulating membranes. Example is Trichomonas vaginalis which causes inflammation of the vagina.

Answer 23

Parabasalids

Question 24

Some Excavata live in the gut of termites and digest wood. Symbiotic relationship among three organisms:

Answer 24

The termite, the protist, and the bacteria that digest cellulose.

Question 25

Have a rod inside their flagella

Answer 25

Euglenozoa

Question 26

Unicellular with two flagella. Some photosynthetic with chlorophylls a and b and carotenoids. The chloroplasts derived from endosymbiosis of a green alga (secondary endosymbiosis)

Answer 26

Euglenoids

Question 27

Some euglenoids may ingest food particles by phagocytosis and some are ____

Answer 27

heterotrophs

Question 28

Euglenoids have protein bands beneath their plasma membrane called a

Answer 28

pellicle

Question 29

Euglenoids are considered to be part of ____

Answer 29

plankton

Question 30

Heterotrophic, only one mitochondrion, unicellular or colonial with at least one flagellum. Can be free living parasites. One example is Trypanosoma which causes sleeping sickness and Chagas.

Answer 30

Kinetoplastids

Question 31

Which characteristic is used to classify an organism within the Excavata?

Answer 31

Its DNA sequences are more similar to organisms within the Excavata than to those of organisms in other subgroups

Question 32

Chromalveolata is a supergroup that includes ___ and ____

Answer 32

Alveolata and Dinoflagellates

Question 33

Have alveoli vesicles beneath the plasma membrane which may increase their buoyancy

Answer 33

Alveolata

Question 34

Unicellular with two flagella. Many are photosynthetic with chlorophylls a and c and carotenoids. Have cellulose in their cell walls. Part of marine and fresh-water plankton

Answer 34

Dinoflagellates

Question 35

Certain dinoflagellates secrete ___

Answer 35

neurotoxins that can kill fish and birds (ex: red tides)

Question 36

Parasites of animals. Have a unique arrangement of organelles at one end of the cell (apical complex) that allows them to invade host cells

Answer 36

Apicomplexans

Question 37

An example of an Apicomplexan is ____ which causes malaria and is transmitted by mosquitoes

Answer 37

Plasmodium

Question 38

With malaria the parasite reaches the liver where it

Answer 38

reproduces and invades the RBC's

Question 39

In the red blood cells the Plasmodium parasite multiplies and periodically

Answer 39

rupture RBC's which is associated with fever and chills

Question 40

Unicellular, large number of cilia, two nuclei.

Answer 40

Ciliates

Question 41

The micronuclei of ciliates is involved in ___. The macronuclei contains ____

Answer 41

sexual reproduction | many copies of the gene

Question 42

Unicellular, chlorophylls a,c, and carotenoids, silica cell walls, Chrysolaminarin storage, marine and freshwater plankton

Answer 42

Chromalveolata: Stramenopila: Diatoms

Question 43

Multicellular, chlorophylls a, c, and carotenoids, marine environments

Answer 43

Chromalveolata: Stramenopila: Phaecophyta/Brown Algae

Question 44

Water molds, white rusts, downy mildew. Filamentous bodies that consist of hyphae. Cell walls with cellulose. Zoospores with two flagella. Heterotrophs: saprobes or parasites.

Answer 44

Chromalveolata: Stramenopila: Oomycota

Question 45

The supergroup The chloroplasts originate from primary endosymbiosis of photosynthetic bacterium. Include rhodophyta or red algae

Answer 45

Archaeplastids

Question 46

``` Mainly multicellular Chl a, phycoerithrin, and carotenoids Cell walls with sulfated polysaccharides Used to make agar and carrageenan Live in marine environments ```

Answer 46

Archaeplastids:Red algae

Question 47

- Unicellular, colonial, or multicellular - Chl a, b, and carotenoids - Cellulosic cell walls - Starch is the storage polysaccharide - Mainly aquatic (marine or fresh water) some in moist terrestrial environment

Answer 47

Archaeplastida: Chlorophyta

Question 48

Green algae and diatoms are likely to be increasingly important for

Answer 48

food and fuel production

Question 49

Archaeplastida: Chlorophyta: Chlorella is commonly used as a

Answer 49

nutritional supplement and animal feed

Question 50

Archaeplastida: Charophyta: Green algae is commonly used as a ____

Answer 50

biofuel

Question 51

- Unicellular, colonial, or multicellular - Chl a,b, and carotenoids - Cellulosic cell walls - Starch - Freshwater habitats - The group of algae that is most closely related to land plants

Answer 51

Archaeplastida: Charopytes

Question 52

The intercellular connections of Charophytes (plasmodesmata) are similar to those of _____

Answer 52

plants

Question 53

All land plants evolved from a species of ____

Answer 53

Charophytes

Question 54

In a marine env you find a photosynthetic organisms that is multicellular and has chloroplasts with 4 membranes. This organism is most likely a

Answer 54

Brown algae

Question 55

The one supergroup where the origin of the chloroplast is the result of primary endosymbiosis (chloroplast only has two membranes)

Answer 55

Archaeplastida

Question 56

In secondary endosymbiosis the chloroplast of organism will have ____ membranes

Answer 56

4

Question 57

-Threadlike pseudopodia used for movement and to trap food particles

Answer 57

Rhizaria

Question 58

- Exoskeleton or wall is made of silica - Pseudopodia extrude through spike projections of the exoskeleton - Marine env part of the zooplankton

Answer 58

Rhizaria: Radiolarians

Question 59

- Cell wall contains organic and inorganic materials - The pseudopodia emerge through the perforation of the exoskeleton - Marine env part of the sooplankton

Answer 59

Rhizaria: Foraminifera

Question 60

- Difficult to define based on structural features - Some have silica-based shells others without them - Some with flagella - Abundant in the soil - Heterotrophic feeding on bacteria, fungi, and other protists - One group enslaved a green algae (secondary endosymbiosis)

Answer 60

Rhizaria: Cercozoa

Question 61

Lobe shaped pseudopodia, lack of cell walls

Answer 61

Amoebozoans

Question 62

___ and ___ are Unikonts the common ancestor had a single emergent flagellum. The characteristic of having flagellum has bee lost in many descendants is restricted only to a few cells in the life cycle

Answer 62

Amoebozoans and Opisthokonts

Question 63

- Many species - Pseudopods - Asexual reproduction only - Marine, freshwater, or terrestrial - free living or parasitic

Answer 63

Amoebozoans: Amoebas

Question 64

- life cycle contains unicellular and aggregate forms - unicellular amoeboid forms ingest bacteria - Lack of food can trigger aggregation as an aggregate they can move like a slug

Answer 64

Amoebozoan: Cellular slime molds

Question 65

- the nucleus of the zygote divide several times without cytoplasmic division - This results in the formation of multinucleate structure known as a plasmodium which can move and ingest bacteria

Answer 65

Amoebozoa: Plasmodial slime mold

Question 66

- single celled or form colonies during part of their life - have a single flagellum surrounded by a collar (choano) - flagellum is used for swimming and also beats bacteria through the collar for feeding - are the closest relatives to animals - Evidence: molecular data - Sponges (animals) have some cells that are very similar

Answer 66

Opisthokonta: Choanoflagellida

Question 67

Among the organisms listed our closest relatives are - green algae - oomycota - choanoflagellates - diatoms - apicomplexans

Answer 67

Choanoflagellates

Question 68

``` Algae are primary producers in Part of ___ Symbiotic relationship with ___ Heterotrophic protists are part of the ______ Some protists cause ____ Some protists are ____ ```

Answer 68

``` aquatic ecosystems phytoplankton animals zooplankton disease decomposers ```