Lecture 7&8 Flashcards by Victoria Larson

Fungi are heterotrophs. They secrete ___ that break down _____ into simpler compounds that the fungi absorb

enzymes

organic molecules

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Fungi are __ or ___ They absorb nutrients from nonliving material

decomposers or saprobes

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Some fungi are ___ they absorb nutrients from the cells of living hosts

parasitic

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Some fungi are ____ they absorb nutrients from a living host but they reciprocate with functions beneficial to their partners

mutualistic

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Multicellular fungi consist of long slender filaments called ____. Some are continuous others are divided by septa

hyphae

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___ fungi consist of long slender filaments called hyphae. Some hyphae are continuous others are divided by seta

Multicellular

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Hypha without septa are ____ while those with septa can have one or two nuclei per cell

multinucleate

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Many hyphae form a

mycelium

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All fungi have the presence of cell walls composed of

chitin

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The separation of chromosomes occurs within the nucleus first, without disassembly of the nuclear membrane

Nuclear mitosis

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Most fungi propagate by producing large number of spores either ___ or _____

asexually or sexually

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1 cell
haploid
can divide through mitosis
unicellular in most cases

spores

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Most fungi have a haplontic life cycle this means

the haploid generation is dominant

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Fusion of the cytoplasm between hyphae of different mating types

Plasmogamy

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During the ____ phase each cell has two nuclei that are genetically different

Dikaryotic (the extent of this stage varies among different phyla of fungi)

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Fusion of nuclei which produces a zygote ( the zygote undergoes meiosis and produces sexual spores (n)

Karyogamy

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Which of the following is FALSE about fungi

THey are heterotrophic
Some are unicellular
They decompose organic matter
Most fungi have a diplontic life cycle
Fungi have nuclear mitosis

Most have a diplontic life cycle – this is not true they have a haplontic life cycle

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____ descended from an aquatic, single-celled, flagellated protist

Fungi

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Fungi live in many env from the tundra to the tropics and _____ envs

terrestrial

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study fungi, estimate that there are about 1,5 million fungal species

mycologists

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Kingdom fungi is divided into ____ phyla

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Obligate, intracellular, animal parasites
Unicellular
Long thought to be protists
Lack mitochondria their ancestors lost the mitochondria

Microsporidia

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non flagellated zoospores
some have a haplodiplontic life cycle
Saprobes or parasites
Live in soil or water

Blastocladiomycetes

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Most are aquatic
Have flagellated spores called zoospores
SOme species form a mycelium others are unicellular
Some are saprobes others are parasites of protists, plants, or animals

Chytridiomycota

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Digest plant biomass in mammalian herbivore rumens . Mammalian herbivores depends on fungi for sufficient calories

Neocallimastigomycota

___ brought cellulase gene from bacteria into Neocallimastix genome

Horizontal gene transfer

What is the best match between a phylum of fungi and a characteristic/event that applies to them

Neocallimastigomycota | Digest cellulose in the rumen

Commonly known as the bread molds and commonly cause fruit rot

Zygomycota

Asexual reproduction of zygomycota occurs via the formation of ____

sporangia

Sexual reproduction of zygomycota occurs when mycelia of different strains come in contact and form ____

gametangia

The gametangia of zygomycota contains several haploid nuclei and undergo ___ to form a zygosporangium

plasmogamy

When conditions are favorable the zygosporangium germinates and ____

meiosis occurs resulting in the formation of spores

- A tiny group of monophyletic fungi - Only asexual reproduction - Form intracellular associations with plant roots called arbuscular mycorrhizae - More than 200,000 species of plants form associations with this fungi - they help plants to absorb water and nutrients particularly phosphorus

Glomeromycota

- Consists of mushrooms, toadstools, puffballs, | - Asexual reproduction sometimes occurs but fragmentation of hyphae or formation of spores

Basidiomycota

Asexual reproduction of Basidiomycota. Mycelia of different strains undergo plasmogamy resulting in a ____

heterokaryotic stage

The heterokaryotic stage of Basidiomycota forms a _____

basidiocarp (mushroom) with gills and basidia

Occurs in the basidia resulting in the formation of zygotes

Karyogamy

In Basidiomycota the zygote undergoes ___ leading to the formation of ____ (n)

meiosis | basidiospores

Basidiomycota are mainly saprobes but some obtain C from a

living hosts

Uses for mushrooms mentioned in lecture

Edible mushrooms Poisonous mushrooms Hallucinogenic mushrooms

Agaricus bisporus (mushroom)

edible mushroom

Amanita phalloides (mushroom)

death cap mushroom, poisonous

How is the death cap mushroom poisonous

The Amatoxins inhibit mRNA synthesis

Amanita muscaria (fly agaric) (mushroom)

Hallucinogenic mushroom

Rust and smuts are _____ of Basidiomycota

plant pathogens

This phylum includes morels, cup fungi, and some yeasts

Ascomycota

Asexual reproduction of Ascomycota occurs via the formation of ____

conidiophores

Sexual reproduction of Ascomycota. Mycelia of different strains undergo plasmogamy resulting in a _____ stage

heterokaryotic

The heterokaryotic stage of Ascomycota form an ____ with ___ where karyogamy occurs to form a zygote

ascocarp | asci

The Ascomycota zygote undergoes meiosis resulting in the formation of ____

ascospores(n)

Ascomycota are mainly saprobes but some obtain C and energy from ____

a living host

Example of Ascomycota. They develop entirely underground in association with the roots of some trees (oak and hazlenut)

Truffles

Example of Ascomycota. This fungus contaminates the grains of rye and other cereals. Contains many toxic metabolites that cause constriction of blood vessels resulting in gangrene,

Ergot

Example of Ascomycota. This fungus produces aflotoxins (carcinogenic) in corn and peanuts

A. flavus

Example of Ascomycota. This fungus causes ringworm and athlete's foot.

Tinea

Very important example of Ascomycota. Asexual reproduction is by binary fission or budding. Many have sexualreproductions

Yeast (S. cerevisiae)

S. cerevisiae (yeast) is a facultative ____

anaerobe

In the presence of oxygen S. cerevisiae oxidizes ___ | Under anaerobic conditions it ferments ____

sugars to CO2 | sugar into alcohol

Pathogenic yeasts.Candida causes various types of

yeast infections

What are three mutualistic associations of fungi discussed in lecture

Neocallimastigomycota and ruminants A. mycorrhizae and plants Some fungi and ant colonies (food source)

A lichen is a symbiotic relationship between ____

a photosynthetic organism held in a mesh of fungal hyphae

The photosynthetic component of lichen is

cyanobacteria or unicellular green algae

The fungal component of lichen is

an ascomycota or basidiomycota