Lectures 3&4 Flashcards by Victoria Larson

Very rapid rates of cell division with generation times between 20 min and 3 hrs

binary fission

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The most common source of genetic variation

mutations

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Genes are taken up from the surrounding environment

Transformation

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Transfer of genes between prokaryotes via pilus

Conjugation

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Genes are transferred between prokaryotes by viruses

Transduction

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Transformation, conjugation, and transduction can lead to

horizontal gene transfer (not from mother cell to daughter cell but from cells that are not related to each other)

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A process that does NOT occur in bacteria 
Mutation
Chemotaxis
Meiosis
Transduction
Conjugation

Meiosis

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If a nonpathogenic bacterium were to acquire resistance to ABX, could this strain pose a health risk to people?

Yes, it could transfer ABX resistance genes to a pathogenic bacteria via horizontal gene transfer

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Obtain energy from light and carbon from CO2

ex) Cyanobacteria

Photoautotrophs

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Obtain energy from the oxidation of inorganic molecules and carbon from CO2
ex) Sulfobus (archaea)

Chemolithoautotrophs

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Obtain energy from light and carbon from organic molecules

Photoheterotrophs

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Obtain energy and carbon from organic molecules

Chemoheterotrophs

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decomposers that absorb nutrients from dead organic matter, recyclers of the biosphere

Saprobes

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Absorb nutrients from living organisms

Parasites

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Symbiotic relationship that is beneficial to both organisms

Mutualism

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Which mode of nutrition is unique to prokaryotes 
Photoautotrophs
Chemolithotrophs
Photoheterotrophs
Chemoheterotrophs

Chemolithotrophs

Photoheterotrophs

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Prokaryotes that require oxygen

Obligate aerobes (salmonella)

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Prokaryotes that use oxygen if it is present but can grow without it

Facultative anaerobes (E.coli)

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Prokaryotes that are poisoned by oxygen

Obligate anaerobes (methanogens)

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Key steps in the cycle of nitrogen are performed by prokaryotes

Nitrogen cycling

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All organisms need nitrogen for

making amino acids to build proteins

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Only some bacteria convert N2 in the air into

forms that can be used by other organisms

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N2 –> NH3 –> NO2 –> NO3–> N2 performed by

Chemolithoautotrophs

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Some prokaryotes invade the tissue of a host organisms

Tuberculosis (lungs)

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Some prokaryotes produce exotoxins

Botulism (botox: paralyzes the muscles)

Some prokaryotes produce endotoxins (toxin is not released from the cell but is apart of the cell)

Salmonella

Prokaryotes can naturally aid in bioremediation

Decomposers

Prokaryotes can fix nitrogen in the air into a form that plants can absorb

Nitrogen metabolism

Prokaryotes called ____ are photosynthesizing microscopic organisms that inhabit the upper layer of oceans and bodies of fresh water

phytoplankton

The oldest group of organisms ad the most abundant on earth

Prokaryotes

The origin of earth is 4.6 billion years ago, the first prokaryotes arrived ____

3.8-3.5 BYA

Classification of prokaryotes is based on ____

molecular approaches

One common approach for classifying prokaryotes is to compare the nucleotide sequence of genes that code for ____

ribosomal RNA, organisms with more nucleotides in common are more closely related

Most prokaryotes have not been cultured and many are being discovered from ____

DNA sequence data

Unicellular Lack organelles Lack a nuclear envelope Circular molecule of DNA

Prokaryotes

Cell walls with peptidoglycan One type of RNA polymerase Genes without introns

Eubacteria

Cell walls without peptidoglycan More than one RNA polymerase Some genes with introns

Archaea

Archaea that live in anaerobic conditions: marshes, intestines of animals

Methanogens

Archaea that live in extreme high or low temps, high salt, or high pressure

Extremophiles

Eukaryotic cells are generally ____ in diameter | Prokaryotic cells are ____ in diameter

10-100 um | 1-5 um

What are the three shapes of prokaryotic cells

coccus- sphere bacilli - rod spirilla - hellical

Some species of prokaryotic cells tend to ____

aggregate transiently (aggregate and then separate)

Bacteria adhere to each other and to a surface via a polysaccharide matrix

Biofilms

Permanent aggregates of cells, that are identical, contain two or more specialized cell types

True colonies

In colonies if the cells separate then they CAN ____

survive

cell shape, physical protection, and prevents bursting of prokaryotic cells

cell wall

Have cell walls composed of peptidoglycan

Eubacteria

_____ bacteria tend to be more pathogenic

Gram negative

A rather rigid layer outside the cell wall. Formed by proteins and glycoproteins. Functions in protection and adhesion

S-layer

Gelatinous layer outside the cell wall. More common in Eubacteria. Protects the bacteria against host defenses and glue cells together.

Capsule

The capsule is important for the formation of ____ and ___

biofilms | bacterial colonies

Surface appendages that help the bacteria to attach to various surfaces such as the surface of the host or to another bacteria

Pili/pilus

Prokaryotic ____ is thinner than that of eukaryotes and is made of the protein flagellin. About half of prokaryotes can move through the use of this appendage.

Flaggela

Some flagellated prokaryotes can move towards or away from a particular stimulus

Chemotaxis

In many bacteria infolded regions of the plasma membrane participate in ___ and ____

respiration and photosynthesis

The internal membranes of prokaryotes are folded because (2 reasons)

increased surface area to perform the task | proton gradients form across the spaces and produce ATP

The plasma membranes of archaea differ from those of bacteria and eukarya

Form monolayer | Diff bonds

A double stranded DNA molecule in the form of a ring

Genome

Small rings of bacterial DNA. Can confer bacterial ABX resistance or the ability to use certain nutrients.

Plasmids

Smaller than in eukaryotes and also differ in protein and RNA content

Ribosomes

Differences between Eukaryotes and Archaea | 3 things

Types of RNA polymerases Plasma membrane structure Cell wall structure

Cells of prokaryotes are haploid which means they

cannot have meiosis

In eukaryotic organisms the enzymes for cellular respiration are located within the mitochondria. In prokaryotic organisms some of these enzymes are attached to

enfolded regions of the plasma membrane

Very rapid rates of cell division with generation times between 20 min and 3 hrs

Binary fission

Replication of the bacterial chromosome. The daughter chromosomes bind to the plasma membrane. Cell growth results in the separation of chromosomes. The plasma membrane and the cell wall grow inward. Formation of 2 daughter cells.

Binary fission

Under unfavorable conditions many bacteria can form ___ which consists of bacterial chromosomes surrounded by a thick wall

Endospores