Chapter 29 Fungi

Question 1

All fungi are ___ and ___

Answer 1

All fungi are eukaryotes and heterotrophic

Question 2

Fungi infiltrate and secrete ___ enzymes onto food and digest it outside the body, then ___ the predigested food into the body

Answer 2

Fungi infiltrate and secrete digestive enzymes onto food and digest it outside the body, then absorb the predigested food into the body

Question 3

Fungal cells are enclosed by ___ ___ during at least some stage in their life cycle

Answer 3

Cell walls

Question 4

In most fungi, the cell wall consists of ___ ___ including ___

Answer 4

complex carbohydrates including chitin

Question 5

Most fungi are ___ except ___

Answer 5

most fungi are multicellular except yeast

Question 6

hypha

Answer 6

branching gilaments that make up the mycelium of a fungus

Question 7

body for of a fungus

Answer 7

multicellular

consists of hyphae that form a mycelium

Question 8

molds

Answer 8

fungi that form mycelia

Question 9

in most fungi, ___ are divided into individual cells containing one or more ___

Answer 9

in most fungi, hyphae are divided into individual cells containing one or more nuclei

Question 10

Septa of many fungi have a ___ large enough to permit ___ to flow from cell to cell

Answer 10

Pore

organelles

Question 11

most fungi reproduce by means of ___, ___ ___

Answer 11

microscopic, nonmotile spores

Question 12

Spores are dispersed by

Answer 12

wind, water or animals

Question 13

Spores are produced ___ or ___

Answer 13

asexually (yeast) or sexually

Question 14

sexually produced spore

Answer 14

produced on specialized aerial hyphae or in fruiting structures

Question 15

sporangia

Answer 15

structures in which spores are produced

Question 16

the aerial hyphae of some fungi produce spores in large, complex reproductive structures called

Answer 16

fruiting bodies

Question 17

the familiar part of a mushroom is a large

Answer 17

fruiting body

Question 18

Yeasts repoduce by

Answer 18

Budding

Question 19

budding

Answer 19

spores produced by mitosis and then released

Question 20

Most fungi reproduce ___ and contain ___ nuclei

Answer 20

Most fungi reproduce sexually and contain haploid nuclei

Question 21

monokaryotic

Answer 21

hyphae that contain only one nucleus per cell

Question 22

dikaryotic

Answer 22

Hyphae that contain two genetically distinct nuclei within each cell

Question 23

Presence of a dikaryotic stage is a defining character of phyla ___ and ___

Answer 23

ascomycetes and basidiomycetes

Question 24

fungi are more closely related to ___ than to plants

Answer 24

animals

Question 25

like animals, fungi have platelike ___ in their mitochondria

Answer 25

cristae

Question 26

Genetic and structural similarities support grouping fungi with ___ and animals in the ___ clade

Answer 26

Genetic and structural similarities support grouping fungi with choanoflagellates and animals in the opisthokont clade

Question 27

Five main groups of fungi

Answer 27

1. Chytidiomycota 2. Zygotmycota 3. Glomeromycota 4. Ascomycota 5. Basidiomycota

Question 28

about 95% of named fungi belong to phyla

Answer 28

ascomycota and basidiomycota

Question 29

chytridiomycetes

Answer 29

1. Only fungi with flagellate cells 2. unicellular or have a simple body composed of a few cell which may have rhizoids that absorb food 3. most are decomposers (such as parasites) 4. A parasitic chytrid is partly responsible for declining amphibian populations

Question 30

Zygomycetes

Answer 30

1. not a monophyletic group 2. most are decomposers 3. some form symbiotic mycorrhizae 4. a few cause disease in plants and animals

Question 31

Microsporidia

Answer 31

small unicellular parasites that infect eukaryotic cells

Question 32

decelopmental stages of microsporidia inside their host

Answer 32

1. feeding stage | 2. Repoductive stage

Question 33

Spores of the microsporidia

Answer 33

each spore has a long, threadlike polar tube used to inject the contents of the spore into the host cell

Question 34

microsporidia may be th

Answer 34

smallest and simplest eukaryotes

Question 35

Microsporidia lack

Answer 35

mitochoondria, flagella, and golgi complexes

Question 36

microsporidia ribosomes resemble

Answer 36

those of prokaryotes

Question 37

microsporidia genomes

Answer 37

smaller than bacterial genomes

Question 38

Glomeromycetes

Answer 38

1. Have coenocytic hyphae 2. reproduce asexually with large, multinucleate blastospores 3. Endomycorrhizal fungi

Question 39

endomycorrhizal fungi

Answer 39

symbionts that form mycorrhizae with the roots of most trees and herbaceous plants

Question 40

arbuscular mycorrhizae

Answer 40

most widespread endomycorrhizae hyphae inside the root cells form tree-shaped structures (arbuscules)

Question 41

roots supply the fungus with

Answer 41

organic nutrients

Question 42

fungus provides the plant with

Answer 42

nutrient minerals

Question 43

growth of plant in phosphate-deficient soil is enhanced by a

Answer 43

fungal partner

Question 44

some fungi also release ___ that protect plants from herbivores and pathogens

Answer 44

alkaloids

Question 45

Ascomycetes

Answer 45

1. most yeasts, powdery mildews, blue-green, pink and brown molds, decomposer cup fungi, and edible morels and truffels 2. used to flavor cheeses, bake break, ferment alcohol, and as foods 3. scientists use ascomycetes to produce antibiotics and as model organisms for cellular processes

Question 46

Many ascomycetes form

Answer 46

mycorrhizae with tree roots, or join with green algae or cyanobacteria to form lichens

Question 47

ascomycetes are the cause of

Answer 47

most fungal diseases of plants and animals including humans

Question 48

ascomycetes are called

Answer 48

sac fungi because their sexual spores are produced in microscopic sacs called asci

Question 49

Reproduction of yeasts

Answer 49

asexual reproduction is mainly by budding reproduction sexually by forming ascospores

Question 50

sexual reproduction of yeast

Answer 50

two haploid yeasts form a diploid zygote, which undergoes meiosis, resulting in haploid nuclei incorporated into ascospores

Question 51

Basidiomycetes

Answer 51

1. mushrooms, bracket fungi, and puffballs | 2. many are decomposers, some form mycorrhizae, others infect important crops, a few cause human disease

Question 52

basidiomycetes are also called

Answer 52

club fungi because of their microscopic club-shaped basidia, which are comparable in function to the asci of ascomycetes

Question 53

Ecological importance of fungi

Answer 53

1. Digest cellulose and lignin 2. decompose animal carcasses, feces, branches, logs, and leaves 3. Recycle, water, carbon, and minerals

Question 54

Cattle digest cellulose and lignin with

Answer 54

gut fungi

Question 55

ants disperse

Answer 55

fungi

Question 56

fungi digest ___for ants

Answer 56

leaves

Question 57

mycorrhizal fungi decompose ___ material; increase ___ ___ of roots

Answer 57

mycorrhizal fungi decompose organic material; increase surface area of roots

Question 58

Cells of fungi and plant roots communicate

Answer 58

1. signaling molecules stimulate fungal cells to shift to a presymbiotic growth phase 2. A signaling pathway activates gene expression in the root cells

Question 59

Glomeromycetes form ___ connections

Answer 59

endomycorrhizal

Question 60

ascomycetes and basidiomycetes form

Answer 60

ectomycorrhizal connections

Question 61

Lichen

Answer 61

a combination of a fungus and a photoautotroph

Question 62

Typically, fungus forms most of lichen ___

Answer 62

thallus

Question 63

The photoautotroph produces ___ carbon compounds for the fungus, but unclear how the photoautotroph benefits

Answer 63

The photoautotroph produces energy-rich carbon compounds for the fungus, but unclear how the photoautotroph benefits

Question 64

Lichens secrete

Answer 64

acid that etches rock, releasing minerals

Question 65

3 types of lichens

Answer 65

1. Crustose 2. Foliose 3. Fruticose

Question 66

Crustose

Answer 66

lichens are flat and grow tightly against a surface

Question 67

Foliose

Answer 67

lichens have leaflike lobes

Question 68

Fruticose

Answer 68

lichens grow erect and have many branches