Chapter 32

Question 1

___ and echinoderms share a common ancestor and are closely related

Answer 1

chordates

Question 2

___ and ___ are the two major phyla of living animals assigned to the deuterostomes

Answer 2

echinoderms and chordates

Question 3

The largest chordate subphylum is

Answer 3

Vertebrata (fishes, amphibians, reptiles-which includes birds and mammals)

Question 4

Deuterostomes

Answer 4

Blastopore becomes the anus

mouth develops from a second opening at the anterior end of the embryo

presence of pharyngeal slits at some time in the life cycle

true coelem

Question 5

Echinoderms

Answer 5

Marine organisms that include sea stars, sea urchins, sand dollars, sea cucumbers

Question 6

Echinoderms larvae are ___ symmetrical, ___, and ____

Answer 6

bilaterally symmetrical, ciliated, and free-swimming

Question 7

echinoderm adults exhibit

Answer 7

pentaradial symmetry (from bilateral larvae)

Question 8

Water vascular system in Echinoderms

Answer 8

functions in feeding, gas exchange, and as a hydrostatic skeleton for locomotion

Question 9

The endoskeleton of echinoderms consists of ___ ___ plates (ossicles) and ___

Answer 9

calcium carbonate and spines

Question 10

some echinoderms have ___

Answer 10

modified spines (pedicellariae)

Question 11

echinoderms NS

Answer 11

Simple nervous system - no brain

Question 12

Five extant groups of echinoderms:

Answer 12

1. Class Crinoidea
2. Asteroidea
3. Ophiuroidea
4. Echinoidea
5. Holothuroidea

Question 13

Class Asteroidea includes

Answer 13

sea stars and sea daisies

Question 14

Asteroidea bodies

Answer 14

have central disc with 5 to 20 arms

under each arm are many pairs of tube feet

Question 15

Asteroidea have ___ of calcareous plates

Answer 15

endoskeleton

Question 16

Sea stars prey on

Answer 16

the stationary/slow

Question 17

sea daisies absorb

Answer 17

bacteria

Question 18

Major characteristics of Chordates

Answer 18

Deuterostomes with bilateral symmetry, a tube-within-a-tube body plan, and three well-developed germ layers

Question 19

three subphyla of Chordates

Answer 19

1. Urochordates (marine tunicates)
2. Cephalochordates (marine lancelets)
3. Vertebrates (animals with backbones)

Question 20

Four characters of chordates

Answer 20

1. Notochord during some time in their life
2. hollow dorsal, tubular nerve cord during some time in their life
3. A chordate larva or embryo has a muscular postanal tail
4. All chordates have an endostyle or a thyroid gland evolved from the endostyle

Question 21

hemichordates

Answer 21

releases mucus to capture food

Question 22

Chordates

Answer 22

binds iodine and produces hormones

Question 23

(Urochordates) Tunicates include

Answer 23

sea squirts and relatives

Question 24

Urochordates (tunicates) larval body

Answer 24

has a pharynx with slits and a long muscular tail with a notochord and a dorsal, tubular nerve cord

Question 25

The tunic has ___ and ___ siphons through which materials pass

Answer 25

Incurrent and excurrent

Question 26

(Urochordates) blood flow direction ___ every few beats

Answer 26

varies every few beats

Question 27

structural and molecular data suggest that cephalochordates are the sister group of ___

Answer 27

vertebrates; but genome sequencing may support urochordates as the sister group

Question 28

Pikaia

Answer 28

a lancelet-like fossil in the Burgess shale, had a primitive notochord

Question 29

Vertebrates

Answer 29

chordates with a backbone consisting of cartilaginous or bony vertebrae

Question 30

(vertebrates) Vertebrae projections enclose the ___

Answer 30

nerve chord

Question 31

The enlarged anterior end of the nerve cord (brain) is enclosed/protected by a

Answer 31

cranium

Question 32

pericardial cavity

Answer 32

containing the heart

Question 33

Pleuroperitoneal cavity

Answer 33

contains lungs and abdominal organs

Question 34

Lampreys (Petromyzontida)

Answer 34

Jawless cartilaginous fishes that lack paired fins and scales

Question 35

lampreys have ___ teeth

Answer 35

keratin

Question 36

Bony fishes are a part of class

Answer 36

Osteichthyes

Question 37

Bony fished have a

Answer 37

bony skeleton with many vertebrae

Question 38

___ and ___ fins supported by long rays of cartilage or bone

Answer 38

median and paired

Question 39

Bony fishes have overlaping, bony

Answer 39

dermal scales

Question 40

operculum (bony fishes)

Answer 40

a lateral bony flap which protects the gills

Question 41

Adaptations to land

Answer 41

1. Lungs 2. Strong vertebrae/muscles 3. protective mechanisms against dessication 4. Ears and smell adapted to airborne sounds/odors 5. Reproduction on terrestrial land

Question 42

Amphibians include three orders

Answer 42

Urodela Anura Apoda

Question 43

urodela includes

Answer 43

visible tail salamanders, mud puppies, and newts

Question 44

Anura

Answer 44

no tail frogs and toads

Question 45

Apoda

Answer 45

no feet wormlike caecilians

Question 46

Amphibian skin

Answer 46

must remain moist to exchange gases properly

Question 47

Many amphibians undergo

Answer 47

metamorphosis

Question 48

some salamanders do not undergo complete metamorphosis, retaining many larval/juvenile characteristics

Answer 48

paedomorphosis

Question 49

The amphibian heart has how many chambers?

Answer 49

three (two atria and one ventricle)

Question 50

Amniotes include

Answer 50

Reptiles, birds, and mammals

Question 51

amniotes are

Answer 51

terrestrial vertebrates with an amniotic egg

Question 52

Terrestrial adaptations of Reptiles

Answer 52

1. Protective leathery egg shell 2. hard scales 3. lungs are divided into many chambers 4. Efficient three-chambered heart separates oxygen-rich and oxygen-poor blood 5. well-developed sense organs 6. ectothermic

Question 53

ectothermic

Answer 53

body temperature changes with the surrounding environment