Chapter 3

Question 1

Descriptive Research

Answer 1

Designed to provide a snapshot of the current state of affairs

Question 2

Correlational

Answer 2

Research designers to discover relationships among variables and to allow the prediction of future events from present knowledge

Question 3

Experimental research

Answer 3

Research conducted with a scientific approach where a set of variables are manipulates while the other set of variables are being measured

Question 4

Control Group

Answer 4

The group that gets the placebo

Question 5

Experimental Group

Answer 5

The group that gets the actual drug

Question 6

Scientific Method

Answer 6

Set of rules, assumptions and procedures scientists use to conduct research

Question 7

Scientific method has to be?

Answer 7

Emperical: Collection and analysis of data
Objective: Free from personal bias or emotions of the scientist
Replicable: To repeat, and to or modify previous research findings

Question 8

Theory

Answer 8

Set of principles that explains and predicts a certain phenomena

Question 9

Theories have to be?

Answer 9

General statements that don’t state an outcome
Has to have the simplest possible explanation
Falsifiable: Predictions are made to be correct or incorrect

Question 10

Conceptual Variables

Answer 10

Abstract ideas that from the basis of research hypotheses.
Example: Agression

Question 11

Measured Variables

Answer 11

Variables consisting of numbers that represent the conceptual variables.

Question 12

Deception

Answer 12

Whenever research participants are not completely and fully informed about the nature of the research project before participating in it

Question 13

Active Deception

Answer 13

Researcher tell the experiment is learning but in reality it’s something else

Question 14

Passive deception

Answer 14

Participants are not told about the hypotheses being studies or the potential use of the data being collected

Question 15

Informed Consent

Answer 15

Researchers obtain and document peoples agreement to participate in a study after stating all the intents of the research

Question 16

Confidentiality

Answer 16

Agreement not to disclose participants personal information without their consent or legal authorization

Question 17

Anonymity

Answer 17

Name and other personally identifiable information is not collected at all or is not published in a way to identify them

Question 18

Case Studies

Answer 18

Descriptive records of one or more individuals experiences and behaviour

Question 19

Surveys

Answer 19

A measure administrated through either an interview or a writing questionnaire to get a picture of the beliefs or behaviours of a sample of people of interest.

Question 20

Sample

Answer 20

A group of people chosen to participate in the research

Question 21

Population

Answer 21

All the people the researcher wishes to know information about

Question 22

Naturalistic Observation

Answer 22

Research based on the observation of everyday events

Question 23

Descriptive Statistics

Answer 23

Numbers that summarize the distribution of scores on a measures variable.

Question 24

Normal Distribution

Answer 24

A data distribution that is shaped like a bell

Question 25

Central Tendency

Answer 25

Point in the distribution around which the data is centered

Question 26

Correlational Research

Answer 26

Measurement of 2 or more variables and an assessment of the relationship between or among those variables.

Question 27

Predictor Variable

Answer 27

The variable assumed to have an effect on some other variables or explains a change in another variable

Question 28

Outcome Variable

Answer 28

The variable that is observed to determine whether it changes due to the predictor variable

Question 29

Independent Variable

Answer 29

The causing variable that is created by the experimenter

Question 30

Dependent Variable

Answer 30

Measured Variable that is expected to be influenced by the experimental manipulation

Question 31

Valid Conclusions

Answer 31

Legitimate conclusions

Question 32

Reliable Conclusions

Answer 32

Consistent

Question 33

Confounding Variable

Answer 33

Variables other than dependent variable that effects the independent variable

Question 34

Experimenter Bias

Answer 34

The experimenter treats the participants in the various experimental conditions differently.

Question 35

Single Blind

Answer 35

either the participants or the researcher do not know the conditions participants are assigned to

Question 36

Double blind

Answer 36

Both participants and the researcher do not know the conditions participants are assigned to

Question 37

Construct Validity

Answer 37

Extent to which the variables used in research adequately assesses the conceptual variables they were designed to measure

Question 38

Internal validity

Answer 38

Extent to which the independent variable has causes the dependent variable. Only when confounding variables are eliminated

Question 39

External Validity

Answer 39

The extent to which the results extend to other scenarios, population, etc. Increases with replication

Question 40

Exact replication

Answer 40

Scientists attempts to exactly recreate the scientific methods used in conditions of an earlier study to determine whether the results come out the same

Question 41

Conceptual replication

Answer 41

A scientist tries to confirm the previous findings using a different set of specific methods that test the same idea