Chapter 4

Question 1

Nature

Answer 1

Biological implications in behaviour

Question 2

Nurture

Answer 2

Environmental impacts in behaviour

Question 3

Genes

Answer 3

Major unit of heredity

Question 4

Heritability

Answer 4

Variability in Behavioural traits Accounted by genetic factors

Question 5

Epigenetics

Answer 5

Study of heritable changes in gene expression that does not involves changes in DNA sequence.

Question 6

What does Epigenetic research do?

Answer 6

Tries to understand the influence on genes on behaviour and mental processes

Question 7

Evolutionary Approach

Answer 7

Explains how our brains and behaviours have been caused by the physical and social environment.

Question 8

Natural Selection Theory

Answer 8

Ability for a species to adapt to its environment, find food and mate to survive.

Question 9

Behavioural Genetics

Answer 9

Science of how genetics and environment work together to influence behaviour.

Question 10

Quantitative Genetics

Answer 10

Scientific discipline in which similarities among individuals are analyzed based in how biologically related they are.

Question 11

Monozygotic Twins

Answer 11

Identical twins resulted from a simple zygote. They share 100% of their DNA

Question 12

Dizygotic Twins

Answer 12

Fraternal Twins resulted from 2 zygotes. Share 50% of their DNA

Question 13

Difference in height between identical and fraternal twins?

Answer 13

Identical twins are almost perfects similar for height
Fraternal Twins are not identical and fluctuate more than identical twins.

Question 14

Heritability Coefficient

Answer 14

Measures how strongly differences among individuals are related to differences among their genes
0 to 1. 1 being most similar

Question 15

Survival Adaptation

Answer 15

Traits or behaviours that helped out ancestors to handle the “hostile forces of nature”

Question 16

Reproduction Adaptations

Answer 16

Traits of behaviours that allow us to compete for and find mates in order to reproduce

Question 17

Gene Selction Theory

Answer 17

Evolution occurs through the desire for gene replication(to have offspring)

Question 18

How do genes boost replicative success

Answer 18

1. Influence the odds of survival and reproduction of the organisms
2. Influence organisms who are like them to survive and reproduce

Question 19

Physiological Adaptation

Answer 19

Mechanisms of the mind that have evolved to solve specific problems of survival or reproduction. Example: Jealousy

Question 20

Physiological Adaptations

Answer 20

Adaptations that occur in the body as a consequence of one’s environment. Example: Increased melanin production in people who live close to the equator

Question 21

Epigenetics

Answer 21

Study of changes in organisms caused by modification of gene expression rather than alteration of gene code itself

Question 22

Epigenome

Answer 22

Record of chemical changes to the DNA and hoist one proteins of an organism. These changes can be passes down to an organism via trans generational epigenetic inheritance

Question 23

Phenotypic Plasticity

Answer 23

The ability of one genotypes to produce more than one phenotype when exposed to different environmental conditions

Question 24

4 types of naturally occurring DNA nitrogenous bases

Answer 24

Adenine, Cytosine, Guanine and Thymine

Question 25

HAT enzyme acetylation is associated with

Answer 25

DNA demethylation Gene Activation Increased gene expression

Question 26

HDAC enzyme acetylation is associated with

Answer 26

DNA methylation Gene Silencing Decreased gene expression

Question 27

Chromosomes

Answer 27

Made up of strands of DNA which grouped into genes

Question 28

Genes

Answer 28

Basic biological unit that transmits characteristics from one generation to the next

Question 29

Instinct

Answer 29

Complex inborn patterns of behaviours that help ensure survival and reproduction