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Anatomy and Physiology (BIOL109 MCC) > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Energy

A

the ability to do work

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2
Q

Kinetic energy

A

energy of motion

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3
Q

Potential energy

A

saved or stored energy… can turn into energy at a later time

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4
Q

_ types of energy. They can be converted back and forth.

A

2 (kinetic & potential)

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5
Q

Energy for cells is _

A

ATP (Adenosine triphosphate…. adenosine base with 3 phosphates attached to it)

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6
Q

Cells can store energy by _. Ions go from a _ concentration to _ concentration

A

concentation gradient
high
low

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7
Q

ATP is a form of _

A

chemical energy

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8
Q

Glucose can be broken down via _. To convert to _

A

cellular respiration
ATP

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9
Q

Cells can only use _ for energy. You have to exchange triglycerides and glucose for this before they can be used for energy.

A

ATP

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10
Q

Electrical energy

A

e.g., wires coming out of the wall

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11
Q

mechanical energy is _

A

objects in motion (e.g., like a car)

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12
Q

Sounds energy is _

A

compression caused by vibrating object (e.g., sounds waves of the eardrum)

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13
Q

Radiant energy is _

A

energy of electromagnetic waves (e.g., visible light striking the eye)

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14
Q

Heat is _

A

kinetic energy from movement of atoms, ions, and molecules

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15
Q

Thermodynamics is _

A

Study of energy trtansformations

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16
Q

The first law of thermodynamics

A

can’t create or destroy energy but it can change form

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17
Q

Second law of thermodynamics

A

When energy is transformed, some energy is lost to heat

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18
Q

Metabolism _

A

all the chemical reactions happening within the body. Occur when bonds are rearranging

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19
Q

Chemical reactions are classified by _(3)

A

1) changes in chemical structure
2) changes in chemical energy
3)whether the reaction is irreversible or reversible

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20
Q

Chemical structure types of classifications _(3)

A

1)decomposition (Large molecule broken down into smaller structure…They are catabolic(means they break things down…e.g., hydrolysis

2)Synthesis reaction(take small subunits(monomers) and build a bigger structure (e.g., dehydration synthesis forming a dipeptide)…. these are anabolic and synthesis reactions)

3)Exchange reactions(groups exchanged between two chemical structures(one entity to another)

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21
Q

Oxidation-reduction reation _

A

-Exchange reaction where electrons move from one chemical structure to another

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22
Q

The structure that loses an electron is called _

A

oxidized

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23
Q

The structure that gains an electron is the _

A

reduced

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24
Q

NAD+ is the _ form

A

Oxidized form(since it lost electrons and is now positively charged)

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25
Q

Classifications of chemical energy _(2) reactions

A

1) exergonic reactions(reactants with more energy…energy released with net decrease in potential energy)(e.g., decompostion(needs a lot less of a push)

2)Endergonic reactions(reactants with less energy within their chemical bons than products…energy supplied with a net increase in potential energy)

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26
Q

ATP oxidized to aid _

A

endergonic reactions

27
Q

Carbonic acid reaciton is a _ reaction

A

reversible reaction

28
Q

Reaction rate _

A

how quickly a chemical reaction takes place

29
Q

Activation energy _

A

energy required to break existing chemical bonds

30
Q

Enzymes are _ in nature

A

catalitic(reduced amount of energy needed to make it go…accelerate chemical reactions)

31
Q

uncatalyzed _. catalyzed _

A

no enzyme present
enzyme present

32
Q

-ase means _

A

enzyme

33
Q

Location of enzymes _(3)

A

1)Some remain within cells
2)Some become embedded in plasma membrane
3)Some are secreted from the cell

34
Q

Cofactors are _

A

molecules that help enzymes work better

35
Q

Enzymes are made of _

A

proteins

36
Q

Heat tends to _

A

break bonds between ions

37
Q

substrate means _

A

the substance on which an enzyme acts

38
Q

Saturation is _

A

so much substrate is present that all enzyme molecules are engaged in reaction

39
Q

Human enzymes function best at _

A

body temp. and slightly higher(104)

40
Q

Optimal pH _

A

between pH of 6-8

41
Q

competitive inhibitors _

A

the active site is occupied

42
Q

noncompetitive inhibitors _

A

active site changes shape

43
Q

Metabolic pathways _

A

-series of enzymes-product of one enzyme becomes the substrate of the next

44
Q

negative-feedback

A

when the product of the pathway inhibits its own production

45
Q

Phosphorylation _

A

-addition of phosphate group…carried out by phosphorylases phosphatase(remove and accept a phosphate group)

46
Q

Dephosphorylation _

A

-removal of a phosphate group

47
Q

Main way for your body to produce ATP is _

A

Cellular Respiration

48
Q

Characteristics of Cellular Respiration is _

A

1)Exergonic
2)Oxygen must be present

49
Q

Oxidation is when you _

A

remove electrons

50
Q

Glucose oxidation byproducts are _

A

Carbon dioxide and water formed

51
Q

Substrate Level Phosphorylation uses a _

A

enzyme

52
Q

Oxidative Phosphorylation _

A

rips apart

53
Q

ATP production happens in the _

A

Mitochondria

54
Q

Four states of glucose oxidation are _

A

1)Glycolysis(breaking down of sugar…does not require oxygen)
2)Intermediate stage
3)Citric acid cycle
4)electron transport system

55
Q

NAD’s job _

A

move hydrogens to the electron transport system

56
Q

Glycolysis produces _

A

-pyruvate
-forms 2 ATP per glucose

57
Q

intermediate stage _

A

tuns 2 ???? into 2 acetylated pyruvates

58
Q

Citric Acid Cycle _

A

ribs off all the hydrogens, puts them on buses (NADH & FADH), loads up electron shuttles, makes 1 ATP

59
Q

Electron Transport chain _

A

-Transfer of electrons from NADH and FADH2, energy used to make ATP

60
Q

inert means _

A

doesn’t do anything

61
Q

Glycolysis produces _

A

2 ATP

62
Q

net total for glucose breakdown is _

A

30(gross is 36ish)

63
Q

Pyruvate converted to _

A

lactate (lactic acid)

64
Q

Parts of the Microscope

A

Anatomy and Physiology (BIOL109 MCC) (18 decks)

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