Chapter 3

Question 1

Energy

Answer 1

the ability to do work

Question 2

Kinetic energy

Answer 2

energy of motion

Question 3

Potential energy

Answer 3

saved or stored energy… can turn into energy at a later time

Question 4

_ types of energy. They can be converted back and forth.

Answer 4

2 (kinetic & potential)

Question 5

Energy for cells is _

Answer 5

ATP (Adenosine triphosphate…. adenosine base with 3 phosphates attached to it)

Question 6

Cells can store energy by _. Ions go from a _ concentration to _ concentration

Answer 6

concentation gradient
high
low

Question 7

ATP is a form of _

Answer 7

chemical energy

Question 8

Glucose can be broken down via _. To convert to _

Answer 8

cellular respiration
ATP

Question 9

Cells can only use _ for energy. You have to exchange triglycerides and glucose for this before they can be used for energy.

Answer 9

ATP

Question 10

Electrical energy

Answer 10

e.g., wires coming out of the wall

Question 11

mechanical energy is _

Answer 11

objects in motion (e.g., like a car)

Question 12

Sounds energy is _

Answer 12

compression caused by vibrating object (e.g., sounds waves of the eardrum)

Question 13

Radiant energy is _

Answer 13

energy of electromagnetic waves (e.g., visible light striking the eye)

Question 14

Heat is _

Answer 14

kinetic energy from movement of atoms, ions, and molecules

Question 15

Thermodynamics is _

Answer 15

Study of energy trtansformations

Question 16

The first law of thermodynamics

Answer 16

can’t create or destroy energy but it can change form

Question 17

Second law of thermodynamics

Answer 17

When energy is transformed, some energy is lost to heat

Question 18

Metabolism _

Answer 18

all the chemical reactions happening within the body. Occur when bonds are rearranging

Question 19

Chemical reactions are classified by _(3)

Answer 19

1) changes in chemical structure
2) changes in chemical energy
3)whether the reaction is irreversible or reversible

Question 20

Chemical structure types of classifications _(3)

Answer 20

1)decomposition (Large molecule broken down into smaller structure…They are catabolic(means they break things down…e.g., hydrolysis

2)Synthesis reaction(take small subunits(monomers) and build a bigger structure (e.g., dehydration synthesis forming a dipeptide)…. these are anabolic and synthesis reactions)

3)Exchange reactions(groups exchanged between two chemical structures(one entity to another)

Question 21

Oxidation-reduction reation _

Answer 21

-Exchange reaction where electrons move from one chemical structure to another

Question 22

The structure that loses an electron is called _

Answer 22

oxidized

Question 23

The structure that gains an electron is the _

Answer 23

reduced

Question 24

NAD+ is the _ form

Answer 24

Oxidized form(since it lost electrons and is now positively charged)

Question 25

Classifications of chemical energy _(2) reactions

Answer 25

1) exergonic reactions(reactants with more energy...energy released with net decrease in potential energy)(e.g., decompostion(needs a lot less of a push) 2)Endergonic reactions(reactants with less energy within their chemical bons than products...energy supplied with a net increase in potential energy)

Question 26

ATP oxidized to aid _

Answer 26

endergonic reactions

Question 27

Carbonic acid reaciton is a _ reaction

Answer 27

reversible reaction

Question 28

Reaction rate _

Answer 28

how quickly a chemical reaction takes place

Question 29

Activation energy _

Answer 29

energy required to break existing chemical bonds

Question 30

Enzymes are _ in nature

Answer 30

catalitic(reduced amount of energy needed to make it go...accelerate chemical reactions)

Question 31

uncatalyzed _. catalyzed _

Answer 31

no enzyme present enzyme present

Question 32

-ase means _

Answer 32

enzyme

Question 33

Location of enzymes _(3)

Answer 33

1)Some remain within cells 2)Some become embedded in plasma membrane 3)Some are secreted from the cell

Question 34

Cofactors are _

Answer 34

molecules that help enzymes work better

Question 35

Enzymes are made of _

Answer 35

proteins

Question 36

Heat tends to _

Answer 36

break bonds between ions

Question 37

substrate means _

Answer 37

the substance on which an enzyme acts

Question 38

Saturation is _

Answer 38

so much substrate is present that all enzyme molecules are engaged in reaction

Question 39

Human enzymes function best at _

Answer 39

body temp. and slightly higher(104)

Question 40

Optimal pH _

Answer 40

between pH of 6-8

Question 41

competitive inhibitors _

Answer 41

the active site is occupied

Question 42

noncompetitive inhibitors _

Answer 42

active site changes shape

Question 43

Metabolic pathways _

Answer 43

-series of enzymes-product of one enzyme becomes the substrate of the next

Question 44

negative-feedback

Answer 44

when the product of the pathway inhibits its own production

Question 45

Phosphorylation _

Answer 45

-addition of phosphate group...carried out by phosphorylases phosphatase(remove and accept a phosphate group)

Question 46

Dephosphorylation _

Answer 46

-removal of a phosphate group

Question 47

Main way for your body to produce ATP is _

Answer 47

Cellular Respiration

Question 48

Characteristics of Cellular Respiration is _

Answer 48

1)Exergonic 2)Oxygen must be present

Question 49

Oxidation is when you _

Answer 49

remove electrons

Question 50

Glucose oxidation byproducts are _

Answer 50

Carbon dioxide and water formed

Question 51

Substrate Level Phosphorylation uses a _

Answer 51

enzyme

Question 52

Oxidative Phosphorylation _

Answer 52

rips apart

Question 53

ATP production happens in the _

Answer 53

Mitochondria

Question 54

Four states of glucose oxidation are _

Answer 54

1)Glycolysis(breaking down of sugar...does not require oxygen) 2)Intermediate stage 3)Citric acid cycle 4)electron transport system

Question 55

NAD's job _

Answer 55

move hydrogens to the electron transport system

Question 56

Glycolysis produces _

Answer 56

-pyruvate -forms 2 ATP per glucose

Question 57

intermediate stage _

Answer 57

tuns 2 ???? into 2 acetylated pyruvates

Question 58

Citric Acid Cycle _

Answer 58

ribs off all the hydrogens, puts them on buses (NADH & FADH), loads up electron shuttles, makes 1 ATP

Question 59

Electron Transport chain _

Answer 59

-Transfer of electrons from NADH and FADH2, energy used to make ATP

Question 60

inert means _

Answer 60

doesn't do anything

Question 61

Glycolysis produces _

Answer 61

2 ATP

Question 62

net total for glucose breakdown is _

Answer 62

30(gross is 36ish)

Question 63

Pyruvate converted to _

Answer 63

lactate (lactic acid)

Question 64

Parts of the Microscope

Answer 64