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Anatomy and Physiology (BIOL109 MCC) > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Cytology is the

A

study of cells

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2
Q

The different types of microscopes are _(2)

A

1) Light microscope (what we use in class)
2) Electron microscope
a) Transmission electron miscroscope (TEM) (directs electrons through thin-cut sections)
b) Scanning electron microscope (SEM) (electons through surface of specimen…this is more powerful than TEM)

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3
Q

Cells vary greatly in ___ and _

A

Size (7-120 picometer?)

Shape (spherical, tubelike, column like, cylindrical, etc.)

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4
Q

The plasma membrane

A

1)forms outer limiting barrier (separates internal contents from external environment)

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5
Q

What are some modified extensions of the plasma membrane _(3)

A

Cilia
flagellum
microvilli

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6
Q

The nucleus is/has _(3)

A

1)largest strucure in the cell (enclosed by a nuclear envelope)
2)contains genetic material (DNA); also contains a nucleolus
3)nucleoplasm(inner fluid)

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7
Q

The cytoplasm is/has

A

1)the cellular contents between the plasma membrane and the nucleus
2)includes: cytosol, organelles, and inclusions

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8
Q

What is cytosol _(2)

A

1) The intracellular fluid that is viscous and has a high water content
2) It contains dissolved macromolecules and ions

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9
Q

Organelles are _

A

1)little complex organs within cells
2)Unique shapes and functions

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10
Q

The two types of organelles are _

A

1)membrane-bound organelles
2)non-membrane-bound organelles

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11
Q

Membrane-bound organelles are _(3)

A

1) enclosed by a membrane
2) Separates contents from cytosol
3) Includes endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, peroxisomes, mitochondria

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12
Q

Non-membrane-bound organelles are _

A

1)not enclosed within a membrane
2)composed of protein
3) includes ribosomes, cytoskeleton, centrosome, proteasomes

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13
Q

Cells perform general functions _

A

1) Maintain integrity and shape of cell(dep. on plasma membrane and internal contents)

2)obtain nutrients and form chemical building blocks (harvest energy for survival)

3)Dispose of wastes (avoid accumulation that could disrupt cellular activities

Note: some are capable of cell division(make more cells of the same type)…help maintain tissue by providing cells for new growth and replacing dead cells

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14
Q

The Plasma membrane is a _(4)

A

1) fluid mixture composed of equal parts (lipid and protein by weight)
2)regulates movement of most substances in and out of cell
3)contains several different types of lipids like:
phospholipids, cholesterol, glycolipids
4)establishes and maintains electrochemical gradient

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15
Q

What are the different types of lipids within the plasma membrane _(3)

A

1)Phospholipids,
2)cholesterol
3)glycolipids

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16
Q

What are the two types of membrane proteins _

A

1) Integral
2)Peripheral(they don’t go all the way across)

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17
Q

Membrane proteins are/do _(3)

A

1) half of plasma membrane by weight
2)float and move in fluid bilayer
3) performs most of the membrane functions

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18
Q

What are the six categories of functional proteins _

A

1)transport proteins (regulate the movement of substances across the membrane)
2)Cell surface receptors (bind molecules called ligands
3) Identity markers (communicate to other cells that they belong to the body…they also distinguish healthy cells from cells to be destroyed
4)enzymes (may be attached to either internal or external surface of a cell…catalyze chemical reactions)
5)anchoring sites (secure cytoskeleton to plasma membrane
6)cell-adhesion proteins(perform cell-to-cell attachments

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19
Q

Membrane transport is _(1)

A

The process of obtaining and eliminating substance across the plasma membrane

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20
Q

The two types of membrane transport are _

A

1)Passive processes(don’t require energy…dependent on substances moving down concentration gradient)
2)Active processes(require energy…substances must be moved up its concentration gradient…membrane bound vesicle must be released(vesicular transport)

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21
Q

What are the two types of passive transport _

A

1)Diffusion
2)Osmosis

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22
Q

Diffusion is _(2)

A

1)the net movement of ions or molecules from area of greater concentration to area of lesser concentration (down the concentration. gradient)

2)its influenced by temperature(increase temp. and you increase the kinetic energy and rate of diffusion)

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23
Q

Simple diffusion _(4)

A

1) molecules that move unassisted between phospholipid molecules
2) small and nonpolar solutes
3)not regulated by plasma membrane
4)movement dependent on concentration gradient(moves as long as gradient exists

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24
Q

Facilitated diffusion _

A

1)transport process for small charged or polar solute(requires assistance from plasma membrane proteins

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25
What are the two typees of facilitated diffusion _
1)Channel-mediated diffusion 2)Carrier-mediated diffusion
26
Channel-mediated diffusion is _
1)movement of small ions through water-filled protein channels 2)small polar molecules assisted across membrrane by carrier protein 3)releases substancese on other side of membrane(# of channels and carriers determine the max rate of substance transport ) 4)move substances down their gradient
27
A uniporter is _
a carrier transporting only one substance
28
Osmosis is _
Movement of water, not solutes( Passive movement of water through semipermeable membrane)
29
two ways water crosses membrane _
1)Slips between molecules of phospholipid bilayer 2) Moves through integral protein water channels—aquaporins
30
Hypo means _
low
31
Hyper means _
high
32
Two types of solutes _
1)Permeable solutes * Pass through bilayer * For example, small and nonpolar solutes such as oxygen, carbon dioxide, urea 2)Nonpermeable solutes * Prevented from passing through bilayer * For example, charged, polar, or large solutes such as ions, glucose, protein
33
Osmotic pressure is _
1) Pressure exerted by movement of water across semipermeable membrane 2) Due to difference in solution concentration 3) Steeper gradient, more water moved by osmosis and greater osmotic pressure
34
Hydrostatic pressure is _
pressure exerted by a fluid on the inside wall of its container
35
Osmosis helps the cell _
gains or loses water with osmosis along with a change in cell volume and osmotic pressure
36
Tonicity is _
The ability of a solution to change the volume or pressure of a cell by osmosis
37
Terms that describe relative concentration of solutions _(3)
Isotonic Hypotonic Hypertonic
38
Active transport _
1)Movement of a solute against its concentration gradient (that is, from lower to higher concentration) 2)Maintains gradient between cell and interstitial fluid 3)Source of energy determines whether Movement is primary or secondary
39
Primary active transport _
Uses energy directly from breakdown of ATP
40
Phosphorylation of carrier occurs _
1) Breakdown of ATP results in phosphate group added to transport protein 2) Changes protein’s shape and results in movement of substance across the membrane
41
Ion pumps
Cellular protein pumps that move ions across membrane * Maintain internal concentrations of ions
42
Sodium potassium pump _
moves one type of ion into cell against gradient while moving another. type of ion out of cell against gradient
43
Secondary active transport _. Two subtypes _
moves substance against concentration gradient symport antiport
44
Vesicular transport(bulk transport) _.
Involves energy input to transport large substances across the plasma membrane by a vesicle * Membrane-bounded sac filled with materials
45
The two types of veesicular transport are _
exocytosis endocytosis
46
Exocytosis _
Large substances secreted from cell * Macromolecules too large to be moved across membrane * Material packed within intracellular transport vehicles * Vesicle and plasma membrane fusion * Requires ATP * Contents released to outside of cell following fusion
47
Endocytosis _
Cellular uptake of large substances from external environment * Steps of endocytosis are similar to exocytosis, but in reverse * Pocket (invagination) forms, pinches off to form vesicle * Used for * Uptake of materials for digestion * Retrieval of membrane regions from exocytosis * Regulation of membrane protein composition to alter cellular processes
48
Three types of endocytosis:
phagocytosis (cellular eating) pinocytosis (cellular drinking) receptor-mediated endocytosis(Uses receptors on plasma membrane to bind molecules within interstitial fluid and bring the molecules into cell * Enables the cell to obtain bulk quantities of substance)
49
The role of K+
Most important determinant in specific value of RMP * K+ moves down steep concentration gradient through leak channels from cytosol to interstitial fluid * Negatively charged proteins remain inside cell * Electrochemical gradient * Positive charge outside repels movement of K+ out * Negative charge on inside attracts K+ inward * K+ moves until equilibrium is reached 36
50
The role of Na+
Na+ diffuses into cells from interstitial fluid to cytosol simultaneous to the loss of K+ * Enters through Na+ leak channels * Down concentration gradient * Pulled by electrical gradient * Leak channels prevent as much Na into the neuron a K+ out * Inside becomes more positive
51
Maintaining an RMP
Na/K pumps significant * Maintains K+ and Na+ gradients following their diffusion * Na+ pumped out * K+ pumped in * Opposite directions * Against concentration gradient
52
Most cell communication occurs through ligands
Molecules that bind with macromolecules * Neurotransmitters from nerve cells and hormones from endocrine cells * Important for controlling growth, reproduction, and other cellular processes
53
3 types of receptors that bind ligands:
Channel-linked receptors * Enzymatic receptors * G protein-coupled receptors
54
Enzymatic Receptors
Protein kinase enzymes * Activated to phosphorylate other enzymes within the cell * Provides mechanism for altering enzymatic activity
55
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
Extensive interconnected membrane network * Varies in shape, but one continuous lumen * Extends from nuclear envelope to plasma membrane * Composes about half of membrane within cell * Point of attachment for ribosomes * With ribosomes—rough ER * Without ribosomes—smooth ER
56
Rough ER _
Protein production by ribosomes, inserted into ER * Original structure of protein changed * Transported out in enclosed membrane sacs * Transport vesicles shuttle proteins from rough ER lumen to Golgi apparatus
57
Smooth ER _(4)
Diverse metabolic processes vary by cell * Functions * Synthesis, transport, and storage of lipids * Carbohydrate metabolism * Detoxification of drugs and poisons
58
Golgi apparatus
Composed of cisternae, elongated saclike membranous structures * Exhibits polarity * Cis-face * Proximal to ER * Trans-face * Distal from ER * Functions: modification, packaging, and sorting of proteins * Formation of secretory vesicles * Some vesicles become part of plasma membrane * Others release contents outside cell
59
Lysosomes
Small, membranous sacs * Contain digestive enzymes formed by Golgi * Participate in digestion of unneeded substances * Digest contents of endocytosed vesicles
60
Peroxisomes
Membrane-enclosed sacs, smaller than lysosomes Pinched off vesicles from rough ER Proteins are incorporated to serve as their enzymes Metabolic functions include * Role in chemical digestion * Beta oxidation * Lipid synthesis
61
Endomembrane System _
Extensive array of membrane-bound structures * Includes ER, Golgi apparatus, vesicles, lysosomes, peroxisomes * Includes plasma membrane and nuclear envelope * Connected directly or through vesicles moving between them * Provides means of transporting substances within cells
62
Mitochondria
Oblong shaped organelles with double membrane * Aerobic cellular respiration * Complete digestion of fuel molecules to synthesize ATP * “Powerhouses” of cell

Anatomy and Physiology (BIOL109 MCC) (18 decks)

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