Chapter 3

Question 1

Organic Molecules

Answer 1

Carbon based molecules

Question 2

Isomers

Answer 2

same formula, differently arranged atoms

Question 3

Structural Isomers

Answer 3

differ in how atoms are joined together

Question 4

cis-trans isomers

Answer 4

differ in orientation around a double bond

Question 5

Optical Isomers

Answer 5

occur when C atom has 4 different groups attached to it

Question 6

4 molecules that make up life

Answer 6

Proteins, Carbohydrates, lipids, Nucleic acids

Question 7

Macro Molecules

Answer 7

molecules containing thousands or more atoms

Question 8

Functional Group

Answer 8

small groups of atoms that have specific chemical properties

Question 9

R-OH

Answer 9

Hydroxyl group

Question 10

R-COOH

Answer 10

Carboxyl Group

Question 11

R-NH2

Answer 11

Amino Group

Question 12

R-PO4-2

Answer 12

Phosphate group

Question 13

Hydroxyl Group Properties

Answer 13

Polar, forms hydrogen bonds with water to help dissolve molecules. Enables linkage to other molecules by condensation

Question 14

Carboxyl Group Properties

Answer 14

Charged; acidic. ionizes living tissues to form COO- and H+. Enters condensation by giving up an -OH.

Question 15

Amino Group Properties

Answer 15

Charged; basic accepts H+ in living tissues to form NH3+. Enters condensation by giving up H+

Question 16

Phosphate Group Properties

Answer 16

Charged; acidic. Enters condensation reactions by giving up -OH. When bonded to another phosphate, hydrolysis releases a lot of energy

Question 17

Condensation Reaction

Answer 17

Form polymers- energy required and H2O is removed

Question 18

Hydrolysis Reaction

Answer 18

break down polymers into monomers, energy is released, H2O consumed

Question 19

Amino acids

Answer 19

monomer of proteins, have a carboxyl and amino group and function as both an acid an a base

Question 20

Polypeptide Chain

Answer 20

single unbranched chain of amino acids

Question 21

Peptide Link/Bond

Answer 21

amino acids bounded covalently in a condensation reaction

Question 22

How many protein structures are there?

Answer 22

4 ( Primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary)

Question 23

Primary Structure

Answer 23

Determines how a protein folds

Question 24

Secondary Structure

Answer 24

localized areas of folding (alpha and beta pleated sheets)

Question 25

Tertiary Structure

Answer 25

folding into a 3-D shape of one polypeptide

Question 26

Quaternary Structure

Answer 26

Two or more folded proteins joining together

Question 27

Denaturing Proteins

Answer 27

protein whose secondary and tertiary structure has been broken down

Question 28

What denatures a protein?

Answer 28

temperature, pH, High Concentration of polar molecules, non-polar substances

Question 29

Chaperones

Answer 29

3-D structures that protect proteins and prevent bad reactions

Question 30

Carbohydrate Formula

Answer 30

CH2O

Question 31

Monosaccharides

Answer 31

simple sugars

Question 32

Disaccharides

Answer 32

two simple sugars link by covalent bonds

Question 33

Oligosaccharides

Answer 33

3-20 monosaccharides

Question 34

polysaccharides

Answer 34

large polymer of monosaccharides, can contains hundreds or thousands of monosaccharides

Question 35

Why are carbs important?

Answer 35

source of stored energy, transport energy, carbon skeleton of other molecules, form extracellular structures

Question 36

Glyceraldehyde

Answer 36

three carbon, smallest monosaccharide, only exists as a straight chain

Question 37

Pentoses

Answer 37

five carbon monosaccharides

Question 38

Hexoses

Answer 38

six carbon monosaccharides

Question 39

Glucose

Answer 39

monosaccharides, used by all cells as an energy source

Question 40

Glycosidic Linkage

Answer 40

covalent bond formed from a condensation reaction that joins monosaccharides

Question 41

Lipid

Answer 41

Nonpolar hydrocarbons, insoluble in water

Question 42

Fats + oils

Answer 42

store energy

Question 43

Phospholipids

Answer 43

structural role in cell membrane, fatty acid bound to glycerol, a phosphate group replaces one fatty acids

Question 44

carotenoids + chlorophylls

Answer 44

capture light energy in plants

Question 45

steroids + modified fatty acids

Answer 45

Hormones and vitamins

Question 46

animal fat

Answer 46

thermal insulation

Question 47

nerve coating

Answer 47

electrical insulation

Question 48

oil + wax

Answer 48

repel water on skin, fur, and feathers

Question 49

Fatty acid

Answer 49

nonpolar hydrocarbon chain with polar hydroxyl group

Question 50

triglycerides

Answer 50

three fatty acids + glycerol

Question 50

Saturated fatty acid

Answer 50

no double bond between carbons

Question 51

Unsaturated fatty acids

Answer 51

one or more double bonds in the carbon chain

Question 52

Ampithatic

Answer 52

2 opposing chemical properties in one molecule

Question 53

Bilayer

Answer 53

The lining up of phospholipids in water so that the hydrophobic tails face inward and the phosphate heads face outwards

Question 54

Acid

Answer 54

When dissolved in water, they release hydrogen ions

Question 55

Base

Answer 55

Accept hydrogen ions

Question 56

Weak acid

Answer 56

Not all acid molecules dissociate into ions

Question 57

Weak base

Answer 57

does not fully accept all hydrogen ions

Question 58

Buffer

Answer 58

weak acid and its corresponding base, useful for maintaining pH in the body, decreases the acidifying effect of an added acid

Question 59

Law of mass action

Answer 59

addition of a reactant on one side of a reversible system drives the system in the direction that uses up that compound