Chapter 8

Question 1

Laws of Thermodynamics

Answer 1

apply to all matter and all energy
transformations in the universe

Question 2

First Law of Thermodynamics

Answer 2

Energy is neither created nor
destroyed

Question 3

Seconded Law of Thermodynamics

Answer 3

When energy is converted
from one form to another, some of that energy becomes
unavailable to do work.

Question 4

Entropy

Answer 4

measure of disorder in a system

Question 5

Enthalpy (H)

Answer 5

total energy

Question 6

Free Energy (G)

Answer 6

usable energy that can do work

Question 7

Exergonic Reactions

Answer 7

Release free energy

Question 8

Endergonic Reactions

Answer 8

Consume free energy

Question 9

Catabolism

Answer 9

complexity decreases (generates disorder) Complex molecules

Question 10

Anabolism

Answer 10

complexity (order) increases
Free energy + small molecules

Question 11

Energy

Answer 11

Ability to do work/change

Question 12

Enzyme Substrate-Complex (ES)

Answer 12

held together by hydrogen
bonds, electrical attraction, or covalent bonds

Question 13

Exergonic

Answer 13

release energy (‐ΔG)

Question 14

Induced fit

Answer 14

enzyme changes
shape when it binds substrate,
altering shape of active site

Question 15

Kinetic Energy

Answer 15

energy of movement

Question 16

metabolism

Answer 16

sum total of all chemical reactions occurring in a biological system at a given time

Question 17

non-competitive inhibitor

Answer 17

bind to enzyme at site other than
the active site

Question 18

potential energy

Answer 18

stored energy (stored as chemical
bonds, concentration gradient, or charge imbalance)

Question 19

products

Answer 19

substance present at the end of a reaction

Question 20

reactant

Answer 20

substance present at the beginning of a reaction

Question 21

ribozyme

Answer 21

(RNA) molecule that can catalyze chemical reactions

Question 22

standard free energy

Answer 22

the change in free energy that occurs when 1 mol of a substance in its standard state is formed from the component elements in their standard states. Free energy=change in enthalpy- Temperature in kelvin x change in entropy

Question 23

substrate

Answer 23

reactants; molecule(s) on which an enzyme exerts
its catalytic action

Question 24

transition state

Answer 24

eactive mode of the substrate (aka – reactant)
after there has been sufficient input of energy to initiate the
reaction

Question 25

transition state intermediate

Answer 25

unstable reactants with high free energy

Question 26

uncompetitive inhibitor

Answer 26

bind to enzyme‐substrate complex, preventing release of products

Question 27

competitive inhibitor

Answer 27

compete with natural substrate for binding sites

Question 28

activation energy

Answer 28

amount of energy required to start a reaction

Question 29

active site

Answer 29

place on an enzyme where substrate binds

Question 30

allosteric regulation

Answer 30

an effector binds an enzyme at a site different from the active site, changing the enzyme’s shape

Question 31

reversible inhibition

Answer 31

inhibitor bonds noncovalently to the active site, preventing substrate binding

Question 32

irreversible inhibition

Answer 32

inhibitor covalently bonds to side chains in active site and permanently inactivates the enzyme

Question 33

Enzyme inhibitors

Answer 33

molecules that bind to the enzyme and slow reaction rates

Question 34

Prosthetic groups

Answer 34

non‐amino acid groups bound to enzymes

Question 35

inorganic cofactors

Answer 35

ions permanently bound to enzyme

Question 36

coenzymes

Answer 36

small carbon‐containing molecules; not permanently bound