Chapter 5

Question 1

Capsule

Answer 1

slimy layer of polysaccharides, protects cells

Question 2

Cell Membrane

Answer 2

The outer boundary of a cell

Question 3

Cell Theory

Answer 3

an important unifying theory of biology

Question 4

Cellular respiration

Answer 4

a series of chemical reactions that break down glucose to produce ATP

Question 5

Chloroplast

Answer 5

site of photosynthesis; have double membrane

Question 6

Chromatin

Answer 6

a mixture of DNA and proteins that form the chromosomes found in the cells of humans and other higher organisms

Question 7

Cilia

Answer 7

Short hairlike structures protruding from a cell that help propel a cell forward or move fluid over it. cells can have hundreds

Question 7

Cytoskeleton

Answer 7

protein filaments important for cell division, movement and maintaining cell shape

Question 7

Chromosome

Answer 7

A structure found in cell composed of DNA and proteins that carry our genetic information. Each cell usually has 23 pairs of them

Question 8

Cytoplasm

Answer 8

All the other stuff in a cell

Question 9

Endomembrane System

Answer 9

interconnected system of
membrane‐enclosed compartments

Question 10

Eukaryotes

Answer 10

Single or multi-celled, have nucleus and organelles, arose from domain Archaea

Question 10

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

Answer 10

Membrane network in cytoplasm with large surface area

Question 11

Exocytosis

Answer 11

Ejecting waste from a cell

Question 12

Endosymbiosis theory

Answer 12

mitochondria and plastids arose
when one cell engulfed another

Question 13

Extracellular Matrix

Answer 13

Composed of fibrous proteins (collagen), gel like proteoglycans (glycoproteins) and other proteins

Question 14

Flagellum

Answer 14

Long tails that help a cell swim in snakelike patterns

Question 15

Golgi Apparatus

Answer 15

flattened sacs (cisternae) and small vesicles

Question 16

Motor Proteins

Answer 16

molecular motors that can move along the cytoskeleton of cells. They convert chemical energy into mechanical work by the hydrolysis of ATP.

Question 17

Mitochondria

Answer 17

convert chemical‐bond energy into a usable form ‐ energy‐rich ATP

Question 17

Internal Membrane (Mitchondrian)

Answer 17

folds inward to form cristae – creates large surface area for proteins
involved in respiration

Question 18

Microtubules

Answer 18

Cilia and eukaryotic flagella are made of these

Question 19

Nucleolis

Answer 19

contained in the nucleus, where ribosomes are assembled

Question 19

Nuclear Envelope

Answer 19

double membrane surrounding nucleus

Question 20

Nucleoid

Answer 20

the irregularly shaped area of a prokaryotic cell that contains the majority of its DNA

Question 21

Organelle

Answer 21

membrane bound structures that have a specific function within the cell

Question 21

Nucleus

Answer 21

Organelle that contains most of the DNA in an organism

Question 21

Peroxisome

Answer 21

collect and break down toxic byproducts of metabolism

Question 22

Outer Membrane

Answer 22

additional phospholipid membrane found outside the peptidoglycan layer

Question 23

Phagocyte

Answer 23

A type of immune cell that can surround and kill microorganisms, ingest foreign material, and remove dead cells.

Question 24

Phagocytosis

Answer 24

process of ingesting particles or other cells into a cell

Question 25

Pili

Answer 25

hairlike structures projecting from cell surface; help bacteria adhere to other cells (bacterial cells only)

Question 26

Plasma Membrane

Answer 26

a semipermeable membrane that separates the inside of a cell from its outside environment

Question 27

Plasmodesmata

Answer 27

cell membrane‐lined channels that connect adjacent plant cells

Question 28

Prokaryotes

Answer 28

Single celled organisms that have no nucleus or organelles

Question 28

Primary Lysosomes

Answer 28

originate from Golgi apparatus

Question 29

Lysosomes

Answer 29

contain digestive enzymes that hydrolyze macromolecules into monomers

Question 30

Ribosome

Answer 30

sites of protein synthesis

Question 31

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER)

Answer 31

Has attached ribosomes

Question 32

Secondary Lysosome

Answer 32

primary lysosomes fused with phagosomes

Question 33

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER)

Answer 33

no attached ribosomes

Question 34

Surface to Area Volume Ratio

Answer 34

smaller cells have more surface area relative to their volume, so they are more efficent

Question 35

Symbiosis

Answer 35

interactions between two closely living organisms that usually benefit both

Question 35

Thylakoid

Answer 35

contain chlorophyll and other pigments that harvest light energy

Question 36

Vacuole

Answer 36

found in plant, animal and protist cells

Question 37

Golgi Apparatus Functions

Answer 37

Modify proteins from RER, which it can concentrate, package and sort. And in plant cells synthesizes the polysaccharides for the cell wall

Question 38

RER function

Answer 38

Newly made proteins enter RER lumen and are modified, folded, transported elsewhere

Question 39

SER Functions

Answer 39

Chemically modifies small molecules such as drugs, pesticides Site of glycogen degradation in animal cells Synthesis of lipids, steroids Stores calcium ions

Question 40

Vacuole function

Answer 40

structure for plant cells, store waste, store pigments that attract pollinators, in seeds they have enzymes to help with early growth

Question 41

What do ALL cells have

Answer 41

cell membrane, DNA, Ribosomes, cytoplasm

Question 42

What do ALL prokaryotic cells have?

Answer 42

cell membrane, nucleoid, cytoplasm, ribosomes

Question 43

What do SOME prokaryotic cells have

Answer 43

capsule, flagellum, and a cell wall