Chapter 3 Flashcards
Ethical Issues (25 cards)
ethics
moral system
right vs. wrong
informed consent
yes or no after risks and benefits explained
written, verbal, implied
ethical principles
- respect: treated autonomously (privacy)
- beneficence: responsibility to do good, max benefits and no harm to subjects
- justice: risks & benefits distributed equally, fair research
vulnerable population
cant give informed consent
kids, diminished mental state
deception
ok if you explain afterwards, can explain that it was for scientific benefit
beneficience
anonymity: ideal but hard to do (longitudinal studies)
confidentiality: only researchers know identity (can be broken due to law or abuse/ harm)
The Nazi Experiments (Nuremberg Code)
made risk v. benefit
prisoners in Nazi Germany in gruesome experiments
Tuskegee Experiment
syphilis in African American men was monitored to see lasting effects, cure came out they told no one
deception
Wichita Jury Study
secretly taped jury deliberations
no privacy = no fair trial
Milgram Experiment
deception
subjects shock people for punishment by being told by researcher, even thinking other person is dying from shocks
Zimbardo Experiment
half cops half prisoners, got authoritative and evil with power
suffered
“gone native”
Tearoom Trade Study
gay men in tearooms, Humphrey followed plates, called to get addresses, and asked them questions about family
ethics
Research Ethic Board (REB)
submit research protocol for ethic approval before starting data collection
human subject
demand characteristics
when subject knows hypothesis they act in a way to confirm it
debrief
interview after study and inform of actual purpose
kinds of scientific misconduct
conflict of interest
personal bias
data manipulation (suppression)
Census data was used to find ____ Americans during ____.
Japanese; World War II
Dr. Smith has just received research funding from a foundation to examine the effects of attending a charter school on a child’s learning, behavior, and future economic prospects. However, the foundation that provided her funding is a charter school advocate and spends millions in pushing a pro-charter school agenda with attempts to get federal legislation passed. What potential risk does this scenario present?
conflict of interest
Match each of the three ethics principles outlined in the Belmont Report with the correct definition.
1) Justice
2) Respect
3) Beneficence
A) People are to be treated as autonomous agents
B) Researchers have a responsibility to do good
C) The risks and potential benefits of the research be distributed equally among potential subjects
1) C
2) A
3) B
Match each term with the scenario that best fits.
1) Anonymity
2) Informed consent
3) Privacy
4) Confidentiality
A) When participants’ identifying information is only accessible to the research team
B) Control over the extent, timing, and circumstances of sharing oneself with others
C) The freedom to say yes or no to participating in a research study once all the possible risks and benefits have been properly explained
D) When no identifying can be linked to respondents and even the researcher cannot identify them
1) D
2) C
3) B
4) A
One ____ a bad or evil person to perform unethical research. Many instances of unethical research occur when researchers ____.
Does not have to be; Have not fully thought through the ways in which their research could harm people
One of the most challenging parts of the IRB review process is ____.
assessing possible risks
Under which scenario should subjects be debriefed?
deception is used
Which of the following is a reason why web-based surveys might be ethically problematic?
There is no way to verify a respondent’s age
