Chapter 4 & 5

Question 1

Absolute standard

Answer 1

specific quantitative assessment of assets that apply to all people regardless of context
(Poor = lack of basic needs)

Question 2

relative standard

Answer 2

can be poor even if you have less than others, regardless of what you have overall (compared to society)

Question 3

conceptualization vs. operationalization

Answer 3

concept: defining ideas and turning them into variables
operation: linking conceptualized variables to procedures that measure them

Question 4

levels of conceptualization

Answer 4

1. concept in hypothesis
2. dimension
3. variable
4. indicator
   Abstract -> specific

Question 5

variable

Answer 5

capture presence or absence of a concept

Question 6

aggregation

Answer 6

counting individual level data in some context to capture individual level concepts at group level

Question 7

Operationalization involves two steps: (1) converting a conceptual definition into an operational definition that sets the parameters for measurement, and (2) ____.

Answer 7

Using the operational definition to collect data

Question 8

dimensions

Answer 8

component of concept that represents particular angle or unit

Question 9

In the concept (idea) of parental discipline, what are the dimensions and variables?

Answer 9

Dimensions- negative or postitive reinforcement
variables -
neg: punishment/ spanking
pos: reward/ moral teaching

Question 10

types of variables

Answer 10

nominal
ordinal
interval
ratio

Question 11

an ordinal variable is what type?

Answer 11

categorical: finite set of possible values (fixed)

Question 12

nominal variable

Answer 12

categorical
has parallel categories
Ex. hair color

Question 13

ordinal variable

Answer 13

categorical
has ranked categories
school quality

Question 14

interval variable

Answer 14

continuous
continuum with NO true 0
time of day

Question 15

ratio variable

Answer 15

continuous
continuum with true 0
body weight

Question 16

concept

Answer 16

abstract ideas that summarize social phenomena and are linked to hypothesis

Question 17

What are the concepts here:
“Access to counselling services improves students’
mental health.”
How can we define and operationalize them?

Answer 17

Define: students frequency of visiting a counsellor
presence of mental health symptoms
Operationalize: # of times a month

Question 18

hypothesis

Answer 18

testable statement of relationship between 2 variables
IV
DV

Question 19

ecological fallacy

Answer 19

assumptions about micro level based on macro level data

Question 20

reductionism

Answer 20

assumption about macro level based on micro level data (reverse of ecological fallacy)

Question 21

Basic 4 forms of measurement

Answer 21

reports
observation
artifact counts (quant or qual)
manipulation

Question 22

response categories

Answer 22

preset answers to questions

Question 23

Closed-ended measures must provide response categories that are _____ and ______.

Answer 23

exhaustive: has at least 1 accurate response available
mutually exclusive: able to select 1 response that captures their views

Question 24

types of response categories

Answer 24

1. binary/ dichotomous
2. non-ordered categories (nominal but not ranked)
3. frequency (ordinal)
4. frequency (interval/ ratio)
5. degree (extent/ magnitude)
6. agreement (Likert scale)

Question 25

control group vs. experimental group

Answer 25

control: not exposed to manipulation experimental: exposed to manipulation

Question 26

types of hypotheses

Answer 26

1. difference (diff. between 2 or more groups) 2. association (relationship between variables) 3. causal (prediction that 1 variable causes specific outcome) 4. proposition (statement of suggested link) 5. null (effect doesn't exist) 6. research (introduces research question and proposes result)

Question 27

reliability

Answer 27

how dependable

Question 28

validity

Answer 28

how accurate

Question 29

Qualitative research needs....

Answer 29

credibility and dependability

Question 30

measures of reliability

Answer 30

1. internal reliability 2. intercoder 3. precision 4. robustness a. split half b. test-retest c. pilot testing

Question 31

internal reliability

Answer 31

variables lead to consistent response

Question 32

intercoder reliability

Answer 32

how much different observes agree with one another on same data

Question 33

precision reliability measure

Answer 33

quality: how detailed and specific

Question 34

robustness measure of reliability

Answer 34

how well it worked split-half: split items into 2 sets to create 2 measures then the same people respond to both measures test-retest: administered to sample and again to same sample later pilot testing: same version to smaller sample

Question 35

way to calculate internal reliability

Answer 35

Cronbach's alpha (composite variable, 1= perfect, below 0.6 unreliable

Question 36

composite variable

Answer 36

averages set of items to measure concept (surveys)

Question 37

way to calculate intercoder reliability

Answer 37

Cohen's kappa (measures based on agreement between coders on concept)

Question 38

measures of validity

Answer 38

internal - face - criterion-related - content - construct external - representativeness - how real the study is

Question 39

internal validity definition

Answer 39

establishes a causal effect of IV with DV

Question 40

face validity

Answer 40

does it seem valid

Question 41

criterion validity

Answer 41

concurrent: correlate with well established measure of same concept predictive: correlate with measure that it should predict

Question 42

content validity

Answer 42

does it cover all meanings of concept

Question 43

construct validity

Answer 43

do items in measure connect to underlying concept convergent and discriminant

Question 44

two dimensions of construct validity

Answer 44

convergent: whether concepts that should be associated are discriminant: whether concepts that shouldn't be associated are not

Question 45

external validity definition & types

Answer 45

can be generalizable 1. how representative 2. how real

Question 46

vignette

Answer 46

hypothetical situations people are asked to put themselves in or think of others in then asked how they'd respond

Question 47

how to link internal and external validity

Answer 47

internal: how well study is conducted (experimental design) external: generalizable

Question 48

A survey presents respondents with the following question: "In the past 24 hours, how many times have you interacted with your friends? (circle one) None; 1 to 2 times; 3 to 5 times; 6 to 10 times, 10 or more times" Which problem does this question suffer from?

Answer 48

It is not mutually exclusive

Question 49

Dr. Charles conducts a panel study but finds that respondents seem to answer a particular question quite differently over time. He thinks this may be an issue with their memories rather than the fact that their true answers actually change. What concept captures Dr. Charles's problem?

Answer 49

Low reliability

Question 50

How many levels are there to conceptualization?

Answer 50

4 concept in hypothesis, dimension, variable, and indicator.

Question 51

If a question has an ordinal outcome as the possible response, it must be which type of question?

Answer 51

Close-ended A question that provides an ordinal outcome category, meaning that a few ordered options are available, such as "never," "sometimes," or "always," is close-ended because subjects can only respond in pre-set ways.

Question 52

In general, there is (are) usually ____ correct way(s) to define or measure a concept.

Answer 52

No single. The range of possibilities for conceptualizing and operationalizing poverty seems infinite

Question 53

Match each response category set with the type that best fits. 1) Non-ordered categories (nominal) 2) Frequency (ordinal) 3) Binary or dichotomous (nominal) 4) Degree (ordinal) A) 0 times, 1-3 times, 4 or more times B) Not at all, a little, somewhat, very much C) None, baseball, dancing, basketball, other D) Yes/no

Answer 53

1) C 2) A 3) D 4) B

Question 54

Moving from the stages of conceptualization to operationalization requires increasing levels of ____.

Answer 54

Specificity

Question 55

Dr. Gonzales is concerned that including income, education, and occupational status, but not wealth, into a measure of socioeconomic status is problematic. Which type of validity is Dr. Gonzales concerned with?

Answer 55

Content validity

Question 56

Dr. Jackson has designed a survey to examine the mental health of college students. One measure he includes in the survey is a composite measure of happiness. Which type of reliability should Dr. Jackson be concerned about with this measure?

Answer 56

Internal reliability

Question 57

Dr. Jackson has designed a survey to examine the mental health of college students. One measure he includes in the survey is a composite measure of happiness. Which would be appropriate to examine in order to address Dr. Jackson's concern?

Answer 57

Cronbach's alpha

Question 58

Dr. Larsen has employed multiple observers to record the race of people portrayed in different pictures. Which type of reliability should Dr. Larsen be concerned about with this measure?

Answer 58

Intercoder reliability

Question 59

Dr. Washington conducts a panel study and finds that although respondents answer a particular question about poverty consistently over time, other data on the respondents suggest they may be lying about their answers. He think this may be an issue because respondents are embarrassed to report their true poverty status. What concept captures Dr. Washington's problem?

Answer 59

Low validity

Question 60

Dr. White has discovered that one of his indicators of popularity--how often you speak on the phone with your friends--is not highly correlated with other indicators of popularity. Which type of validity is Dr. White concerned with?

Answer 60

Construct validity

Question 61

Match each dimension of internal validity of measures with the key question that best fits. 1) Does it seem appropriate and sensible? 2) Does it correlate with a measure that is should predict? 3) Does it cover all of the different meanings of a concept? 4) Do the items in a measure connect to the underlying concept? A) Construct B) Content C) Criterion D) Face

Answer 61

1) D 2) C 3) B 4) A

Question 62

The split-half measure could only be used to evaluate robustness with which type of measure?

Answer 62

Composite variable The split-half method is appropriate when dealing with a measure consisting of multiple items

Question 63

Which of the following is usually considered the most internally valid method?

Answer 63

Experiments Experimental designs tend to be the most internally valid method, as their primary advantage over other methods is that they can establish causality.

Question 64

Which statement about reliability and validity is true? 1. Valid measures are relatively easy to construct but reliable measures are much more difficult to construct. 2. The trade-off between reliability and validity is a zero-sum game. 3. Reliability and validity are independently important standards for evaluating the link between conceptualization and operationalization. 4. Reliable measures are relative easy to construct but valid measures are much more difficult to construct.

Answer 64

3. Reliability and validity are independently important standards for evaluating the link between conceptualization and operationalization.

Question 65

what is the most internally valid method of research?

Answer 65

Experiments