chapter 3

Question 1

What are used to describe, make inferences from, and draw conclusions about numbers?

Answer 1

Statistical Tools

Question 2

What is the act of assigning numbers or symbols to characteristics of things (people, events, etc.) according to rules?

Answer 2

Measurement

Question 3

What are the guidelines for representing the magnitude (or some other characteristic) of the object being measured?

Answer 3

Rules Used to Assign Numbers

Question 4

What is a set of numbers (or other symbols) whose properties model empirical properties of the objects to which the numbers are assigned?

Answer 4

Scale

Question 5

What are the two ways to categorize scales?

Answer 5

Continuous Scale, Discrete Scale

Question 6

What is a scale used to measure a continuous variable, where it is theoretically possible to divide any of the values of the scale?

Answer 6

Continuous Scale

Question 7

What is a scale used to measure a discrete variable? Give an example.

Answer 7

Discrete Scale; Example: Male or Female

Question 8

What does the division of a continuous scale depend on?

Answer 8

Factors such as the purpose of the measurement and practicality

Question 9

What refers to the collective influence of all of the factors on a test score or measurement beyond those specifically measured by the test?

Answer 9

Error

Question 10

What are some sources of error in measurement?

Answer 10

A distracting thunderstorm, Particular selection of test items the instructor chose to use for the test

Question 11

What type of scale is continuous when used for psychological and educational assessment and is expected to contain some error?

Answer 11

Measuring Scale

Question 12

What are the four levels or scales of measurement?

Answer 12

Nominal, Ordinal, Interval, and Ratio Scales

Question 13

What determines whether statistical manipulation is appropriate?

Answer 13

The level or scale of measurement

Question 14

What type of scales involve classification or categorization based on one or more distinguishing characteristics?

Answer 14

Nominal Scales

Question 15

What arithmetic operations can be performed with nominal data?

Answer 15

Counting cases, determining proportions or percentages

Question 16

What type of scales permit classification and rank ordering but have no absolute zero point?

Answer 16

Ordinal Scales

Question 17

Who developed an intelligence test and believed intelligence data was ordinal in nature?

Answer 17

Alfred Binet

Question 18

What survey uses the ordinal form of measurement?

Answer 18

Rokeach Value Survey

Question 19

Why does zero have no meaning in an ordinal scale survey?

Answer 19

The number of units separating one score from another is unknown

Question 20

What type of scale contains equal intervals between numbers but no absolute zero point?

Answer 20

Interval Scales

Question 21

What type of scale has a true zero point, allowing all mathematical operations to be performed?

Answer 21

Ratio Scales

Question 22

What is an example of ratio-level measurement used in neurological testing?

Answer 22

Hand grip test, timed perceptual-motor ability test

Question 23

What level of measurement is used in psychology for intelligence, aptitude, and personality tests?

Answer 23

Ordinal level of measurement

Question 24

A set of test scores arrayed for recording or study

Answer 24

Distribution

Question 25

A straightforward, unmodified accounting of performance, usually numerical

Answer 25

Raw score

Question 26

A list of all scores alongside the number of times each score occurred

Answer 26

Frequency Distribution

Question 27

A frequency distribution where individual scores are used without grouping

Answer 27

Simple Frequency Distribution

Question 28

A frequency distribution where test-score intervals replace individual scores

Answer 28

Grouped Frequency Distribution

Question 29

What are test-score intervals called?

Answer 29

Class Intervals

Question 30

A diagram or chart composed of lines, points, bars, or other symbols illustrating data

Answer 30

Graph

Question 31

It allows easy understanding of a single score's place in a distribution

Answer 31

Good graph

Question 32

What are the types of graphs?

Answer 32

Histogram, Bar Graph, Frequency Polygon

Question 33

A graph with vertical lines forming contiguous rectangles at the true limits of each test score

Answer 33

Histogram

Question 34

What is the X-axis of a graph called, and what is placed on it?

Answer 34

Abcissa; Test Scores

Question 35

What is the Y-axis of a graph called, and what is placed on it?

Answer 35

Ordinate; Frequency of occurrence

Question 36

is a statistic that indicates the average or midmost score between the extreme scores in a distribution.

Answer 36

Measure of central tendency

Question 37

The sum of observations divided by the number of observations, denoted as "X bar"

Answer 37

Mean

Question 38

The middle score in a distribution

Answer 38

Median

Question 39

The most frequently occurring score in a distribution

Answer 39

Mode

Question 40

An indication of how scores in a distribution are scattered or dispersed

Answer 40

Variability

Question 41

The spread of data from the lowest to the highest value in the distribution

Answer 41

Range

Question 42

The dividing points between the four quarters in a distribution

Answer 42

Quartiles

Question 43

What is another tool that describes the amount of variability in a distribution?

Answer 43

Average distribution

Question 44

The measure of variability equal to the square root of the average squared deviations about the mean/ a measure of how dispersed the data is in relation to the mean.

Answer 44

Standard deviation

Question 45

The arithmetic mean of the squares of the differences between scores and their mean

Answer 45

Variance

Question 46

The nature and extent to which symmetry is absent in a distribution

Answer 46

Skewness

Question 47

When relatively few scores fall at the high end of a distribution

Answer 47

Positive Skew

Question 48

When relatively few scores fall at the low end of a distribution

Answer 48

Negative skew

Question 49

What does a negatively skewed test indicate?

Answer 49

The test was too easy

Question 50

The steepness of a distribution at its center

Answer 50

kurtosis

Question 51

A bell-shaped, smooth, mathematically defined curve that is highest at its center

Answer 51

A normal curve

Question 52

A raw score converted to another scale with a set mean and standard deviation

Answer 52

Standard Score

Question 53

A score indicating how many standard deviation units a raw score is above or below the mean

Answer 53

Z score

Question 54

A score on a scale with a mean of 50 and a standard deviation of 10

Answer 54

T score

Question 55

A contraction of "standard" and "nine" / a method of scaling test scores on a nine-point standard scale with a mean of five (5) and a standard deviation of two (2)

Answer 55

Stanine

Question 56

A transformation that retains a direct numerical relationship to the original raw score

Answer 56

Linear formation of standard score

Question 57

When the data are not normally distributed but need to be compared with normal distributions

Answer 57

Non-Linear formation

Question 58

Stretching a skewed curve into the shape of a normal curve and creating a corresponding scale of standard scores

Answer 58

Normalizing a distribution