Chapter 3 Flashcards
(30 cards)
organic compounds are
carbon based
Understand that carbon completes its outermost shell by
sharing electrons in covalent bonds.
methane is
CH4 is one of the simplest organic compounds.
carbon skeletons
vary in length, can be branched or unbranched, have double or single bonds, and form rings or not.
the six functional groups vital to organic compounds:
hydroxyl, carbonyl, carboxyl, amino, phosphate, and methyl.
4 important organic macromolecules
carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids.
polymer
a large molecule, also called a macromolecule, made up of many repeating smaller units called monomers
monomer
basic unit or small molecule that can react with other monomer units to form a larger molecule called a polymer
polymer examples
carbohydrates, proteins and nucleic acids
dehydration vs hydrolysis
dehydration vs hydrolysis
Understand that hydrolysis and dehydration reactions proceed with the help of
enzymes by speeding up chemical reactions in cells.
carbohydrates are made up of
carbon, hydrogen and oxygen.
monosaccharides monomers.
monosaccharides can be linked together to form
disaccharides and polysaccharides.
glucose is a
monosaccharide and is produced by plants during photosynthesis and serves as the fuel for cellular work.
It is hydrophyllic.
monosaccharides generally have the molecular formula that is
CH2O (ex. C6H12O6).
a dehydration reaction is required to
combine monosaccharides into di- or poly-saccharides.
the most common types of polysaccharides are
starch, glycogen, cellulose and chitin.
Know the fundamental differences and characteristic of starch, glycogen, cellulose and chitin.
starch and glycogen are storage polysaccharides composed of many glucose molecules.
cellulose and chitin are structural polysaccharides.
Understand the process of storing and breaking down carbohydrates in the human body (the roles of glucose, glycogen, insulin, glucagon).
Insulin facilitates glucose uptake by cells for energy or storage as glycogen, while glucagon promotes the breakdown of glycogen to release glucose when blood sugar levels drop
lipids are
oils, fats, phospholipids and steroids; they contain carbon and hydrogen linked by nonpolar bonds. lipids contain twice as much energy as carbohydrates.
Understand the difference between saturated and unsaturated fats.
Saturated fats have no double bonds between carbon atoms, making them solid at room temperature and often associated with increased cholesterol. Unsaturated fats, on the other hand, have at least one double bond, resulting in a liquid state at room temperature and generally considered healthier for heart health
What roles do triglycerides play? (storage of energy, insulation, etc)
Triglycerides primarily function as an energy storage molecule, insulation, and for absorbing fat-soluble vitamins. They are stored in fat cells and can be broken down to provide energy when needed. Additionally, they provide insulation, helping to keep the body warm, especially in cold environments.
steroids are
lipids that do not contain fatty acids, but are composed of 4 carbon rings fused together.
estrogen, cortisol, progesterone and cholesterol
cholesterol
is a common steroid found in animals (not plants).
