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Pharmacology Exam 1 > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

The process of drug movement throughout the body necessary to achieve drug action.

A

Pharmacokinetics

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2
Q

What is the process for drug absorption when an oral drug is taken?

A

Dissolution: The drug will disintegrate into small particles and combine with a liquid to form a solution.
- Drugs in liquid form have already undergone dissolution.

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3
Q

How much of a drug is absorbed when taken orally?

A

80%

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4
Q

How much of a drug is absorbed intravenously?

A

100%

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5
Q

What could impact the disintegration of oral drugs?

A

Lower gastric acidity (very young and older adults have lower acidity)

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6
Q

What type of oral drug resits disintegration in the gastric acid of the stomach, so the drug does not disintegrate until reaching an alkaline environment of the small intestine.

A

Enteric-coated drugs

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7
Q

What is the route of absorption for oral medication?

A

Stomach
Intestine (absorption)
Blood vessel (via portal vein)
Liver (to be metabolized)
Blood vessel
Target tissue

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8
Q

What type of drugs undergoe first pass metabolism?

A

Only oral drugs

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9
Q

What is first pass metabolism?

A

When oral drugs pass through the liver and metabolized by the P450 enzymes before entering circulatory system. This determines the amount of a drug that appears in circulation to perform its therapeutic task (Bioavailability)

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10
Q

What factors affect bioavailability?

A
  • Drug form
  • Route
  • GI motility
  • Food and other drugs
  • Liver function
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11
Q

Why should the nurse acknowledge the risk of toxicity for geriatric adults in relation to absorption?

A

Liver function decline.

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12
Q

What are the factors of distribution?

A
  1. Protein-binding
  2. Blood flow
  3. Body tissue availability
  4. Pharmacological effect
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13
Q

What are free drugs?

A

Free from albumin/free to reach target site. Can increase the risk for drug toxicity if protein level is low.

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14
Q

What could happen if a patient is administered 2 types of drugs that are highly protein bound?

A

The risk for toxicity is higher because one drug would almost completely detach from albumin causing increased amount of free drug.

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15
Q

What are prodrugs?

A

Drugs that are activated by liver metabolism.

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16
Q

What could cirrhosis cause?

A

Reduced ability to metabolize drugs, which means that circulating drug levels are elevated.

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17
Q

What could renal failure indicate for drug metabolism?

A

Drugs and their metabolites are excreted more slowly, elevating levels in circulation.

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18
Q

What term is used to describe the time it takes for half of the drug to be reduced?

A

Half life (T1/2)
- Drug reduces by half EACH time.

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19
Q

Why is it important to know the half-life of a drug?

A

Steady state can be determined. The amount of drug being administered is the same as the amount of drug being eliminated (necessary to achieve optimal therapeutic benefit)

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20
Q

The study of the effects of drugs on the body. Drugs act within the body to mimic the actions of the body’s own chemical messengers. (Primary or secondary effect)

A

Pharmacodynamics

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21
Q

The body’s physiologic response changes in drug concentration at the site of action.

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A

Dose-response

22
Q

The point at which increasing a drug’s dosage no longer increases the desired therapeutic response.

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A

Maximal efficacy

23
Q

The time it takes for a drug to reach the MEC after administration.

24
Q

The minimum amount of drug required for drug effect.

25
The highest plasma concentration of drug at a specific time.
Peak (1 hr orally) (STAT IV)
26
What are drugs with complete attachment and response called?
Agonists
27
What are drugs that completely attach, but do not elicit a response called?
Anatagonists
28
What are drugs that attach, but elicit a small response called?
Weak agonists
29
What is the best determinant of the biologic activity of a drug?
The fit of a drug at the receptor site
30
Measure the margin of safety of a drug. It is a ratio that measures the effective therapeutic dose and teh lethal dose.
Therapeutic index
31
Which type of drug margin should be closely monitored?
Narrow margin of safety
32
What does a wide margin of safety indicate?
Less risk of drug toxicity.
33
What is the range for narrow therapeutic margin?
0.6-1.2 (example) Free drug level usually ordered for NTI drugs
34
What is the margin for wide therapeutic index?
10-20 mg (example)
35
What is the term describing the concentration of drug in plasma where the drug has been shown to be effective without causing toxic effects in most people?
Therapeutic range
36
When is a loading dose given?
Given to reach MEC then given maintenance to retain MEC.
37
What does a trough value indicate?
How well the kidneys are exreting a drug. Blood level drawn right before next does. Common with antibiotics.
38
What effect is always undesirable?
Adverse
39
When two drugs are administered in combination and the response is increased beyond what either could produce alone, the drug interaction is the sum of the effects of two drugs. (Desirable or undesirable)
Additive effect
40
1+1=3
Additive effect
41
Occurs when one drug enhances the effect of another, making it stronger than if it were given alone-even if the second drug has little or no effect on its own.
Potentiative effect
42
1/2 + 1 = 2
Potentiative effect
43
When drugs with antagonistic effects are administered together, one drug reduces or blocks the effect of the other.
Antagonistic effect
44
Naloxone + opiate
Antagonistic effect
45
1 + 1 = 1
Antagonistic effect
46
Age, weight Present health disorder Other disease entities Client drug compliance are which type of factors?
Clinical factors
47
Drug form Route of drug administration Multiple drug therapy Drug interactions are factors that affect?
Administration
48
Absorption Distribution Metabolism Excretion are?
Pharmacokinetics
49
Onset, peak, and duration Therapeutic range Side effects, adverse reactions are?
Pharmacodynamics
50
A client has liver and kidney disease. He is given a medication with a half-life of 30 hours. The nurse expects the duration of this medication to A. increase. B. decrease. C. remain unchanged. D. dissipate.
A. increase.

Pharmacology Exam 1 (14 decks)

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