Chapter 3

Question 0

expression of declining functional capacity of most basic structures in cells, which in turn affects functioning of organisms

Answer 0

biological aging

Question 1

measured by age graded behaviors, carrying expected status and role within a particular culture or society

Answer 1

social age

Question 2

a complex genetically regulated interactive process of change in every living organism

Answer 2

biological aging “senescence”

Question 3

changes to cell that decrease ability to replicate attributed to aging

Answer 3

cellular functioning

Question 4

major biological questions

Answer 4

1. what triggers process of aging?

2. can it be stopped or modulated?

Question 5

suggest that aging is the result of predictable cellular death
-biological clock

Answer 5

programmed theories of aging

Question 6

predetermined lifespan

Answer 6

biological clock

Question 7

explains aging as a programmed decline in the functioning of the immune nervous, and endocrine systems

Answer 7

Neuroendocrine control or pacemaker theory

Question 8

cells lose their ability to reproduce

Answer 8

replicative senescence

Question 9

aging is a programmed accumulation of damage and decline in the function of the immune system
-damage is a result of oxidative stress

Answer 9

immunity theory

Question 10

aging is the result of an accumulation of random errors in the synthesis of cellular dna and rna

Answer 10

error theories

Question 11

cellular errors a result of wearing out over time from continued use

• a progressive decline in cellular function or increased cellular death
• internal and external pollutants
  1. pollutants
  2. metabolic by-product

Answer 11

wear and tear theory

Question 12

aging is a product of accumulated damage from errors associated with cross-linked proteinss
-initiated by blood glucose linking with protein in process of glycosylation or glycation

Answer 12

cross-linkage theory

Question 13

• cellular errors are a result of random damage from free radicals
• referred to as “oxidative stress” or “oxidative damage”
• mitochondrial dna most affected by these changes

Answer 13

oxidative stress theory “free radical theory”

Question 14

repeated sequences on chromosomes essential for cellular reproduuction

• shorten with every cell cycle
• hypothesized to be contributory to senescence of the cells

Answer 14

telomeres

Question 15

science of how genes are influenced by environment, lifestyle, role, genes, gender, and other factors

Answer 15

epigenetics

Question 16

socially and culturally constructed expectations of behavior at times in ones life and in pre-established roles

Answer 16

age norms

Question 17

attempted to predict and explain how individuals adjusted to age-related changes by looking at ones level of activity and productivity

Answer 17

activity theory

Question 18

withdrawal of elders from their roles and activities earlier in life necessary to allow transfer of power to younger generations
-provided basis for age discrimination

Answer 18

disengagement theory

Question 19

suggests that individual tends to develop and maintain consistent pattern of behavior, substituting one role for similar one as one matures

Answer 19

continuity theory

Question 20

goes beyond individual o age structure of society

Answer 20

age stratification theory

Question 21

experiences shared by a group of persons from an existential, chronological, or most often, historical perspective

Answer 21

cohort effects

Question 22

attempts to explain social changes resulting from devaluing contributions of elders and the elders themselves

Answer 22

modernization theory

Question 23

personality is either extroverted and oriented toward external world or introverted and oriented to subjective inner world of individual

Answer 23

Jung’s theory of personality

Question 24

movement for extroversion to introversion

Answer 24

aging

Question 25

theorized predetermined order of development and specific tasks associated with specific periods in ones life course

Answer 25

Erikson

Question 26

review and coming to terms with the life one has lived thus far

Answer 26

integrity vs. despair

Question 27

expanded on original work of Erikson with identification of discrete tasks of late life that, when taken together achievement would result in ego integrity - ability to redefine self - ability to let go of occupational identity - to rise above bodily discomfort

Answer 27

Peck

Question 28

no longer defines life and self by work

Answer 28

ego differentiation vs. work role preoccupation

Question 29

body changes are accepted and no longer a source of identity and focus

Answer 29

body transcendence vs body preoccupation

Question 30

sees self as part of the greater whole rather than an individual

Answer 30

ego transcendence vs. ego preoccupation

Question 31

combines bio-psycho-social needs of individual -hierarchy ranks needs from most basic, related to maintenance of biological integrity to most complex, associated with self actualization

Answer 31

maslows hierarchy of human needs

Question 32

Maslows hierarchy of needs

Answer 32

1. biological and physiological integrity 2. safety and security 3. belonginng 4. self esteem 5. self actualization