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Older Adults > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

0
Q

what does the integument tell us

A
  1. hereditary
  2. diet
  3. physical health
  4. emotional health
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1
Q

what factors are individual variations dependent on?

A
  1. biological
  2. social
  3. psychological
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2
Q

what does the skin do?

A
  1. protection
  2. excretion of salts and organic wastes
  3. stores fat
  4. UV protecction
  5. Vitamin D
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3
Q

these become smaller and regeneration slows

A

keratinocytes

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4
Q

normal regeneration of the epidermis

A

20-30 days

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5
Q

epidermis regeneration in older adults

A

30-50% longer

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6
Q

how much do melanocytes decrease per decade

A

10%

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7
Q

thick brown raised lesions

A

seborrheic keratosis

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8
Q

multiple, firm, smooth, flat brown lesions

A

dermatosis paulosa nigra

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9
Q

loses about 15% of thickness with aging

A
  1. dermal blood vessels reduced
  2. collagen synthesis decreases
  3. elastin fibers susceptible to cross link
  4. decreased sebum production
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10
Q

dermal blood vessels…

A

reduce

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11
Q

collagen synthesis…

A

decreases

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12
Q

elastin fibers susceptible to…

A

cross link

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13
Q

decreased sebum production leads to…

A

dryer skin

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14
Q
  • pronounced varicosities
  • benign cherry angiomas
  • venous stars
A

vascular hyperplasia

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15
Q

changes in the hypodermis

A
  1. lean muscle replaced by fat
  2. subcutaneous fat reduced
  3. lean mass decline
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16
Q

lean muscle replaced by…

A

fat

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17
Q

subcutaneous fat…

A

reduced

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18
Q

stores calories and thermoregulation

A

fat

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19
Q

lean mass decline leads to…

A

body water loss

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20
Q

when a cell gets bigger in size due to increased demand

A

hypertrohy

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21
Q

increase in number of cells

A

hyperplasia

22
Q

cell changes that can lead to cancer

A

metaplasia

23
Q

changes in hair that occur with aging

A
  1. becomes grey

2. diffuse aloecia

24
Q

what causes hair to become grey

A

melanin production in hair bulb decreases

25
Q

other causes of diffuse alopecia

A
  1. iron deciciency
  2. hypothyroidism
  3. auto immunity
  4. systemic diseases
  5. medications
  6. anabolic steroids
  7. chronic renal failure
  8. hypoproteinemiia
  9. inflammatory skin disease
26
Q

absence of lower body hair can be confused with…

A

peripheral vascular disease

27
Q

nail changes that occurs with age

A
  1. become more brittle, flat, concave
  2. cuticle becomes less thick and wide
  3. may appear yellow or gray poorly defined or absent lunulae
  4. pigmented bands may appear
  5. onchogryphosis
  6. fungal infection onchholysis
28
Q

thickening and distortion of nails

A

onchogryphosis

29
Q

changes in temperature regulation with aging

A
  1. lower body temp
  2. risk for hypothermia and hyperthermia
  3. thinning of the dermis, loss of subcutaneous fat, and changes to blood vessels of the skin
30
Q

changes in structure and posture with aging

A
  1. vertebral disks become think causing shortening off trunk

2. stooped, slightly forward bent posture common

31
Q

how much height loss is not uncommon

A

3 inches

32
Q

changes in bones that occur with aging

A
  1. disequilibrium in bone maintenance
  2. reduced bone mineral density
  3. resorption of mandible
  4. increased risk of fall related fractures
33
Q

what causes disequilibrium in bone maintenance develops when…

A

resorption is more rapid than deposition of new minerals

34
Q

what causes bone density loss in women

A

hormone changes

35
Q

What causes bone density loss in men?

A

Prolonged steroid use

36
Q

What happens when the mandible resorption?

A

Poorly fitting dentures

37
Q

Age related changes in articular cartilage result from…

A

Biochemical changes

38
Q

Cartilage in the joint…

A

Dries out and thins

39
Q

Tendons may…

A

Shorten and move from usual positions

40
Q

Cartilage of the nose and ears…

A

Continue to grow

41
Q

Muscle tissue mass…

A

Decreases (atrophies)

42
Q

Adipose tissue…

A

Increases

43
Q

How much muscle mass loss by the time a person reaches 90

A

30-40%

44
Q
  • Physical inactivity
  • changes in peripheral and central nervous system
  • reduced skeletal protein synthesis
A

Sarcopenia

45
Q

Changes in heart valves

A

Thicker and stiffer

46
Q

What causes valves to be thicker and stiffer

A
  1. Lipid deposits
  2. Collagen degeneration
  3. Fibrosis
47
Q

Changes in conductivity

A
  1. SA node cells decrease in number

2. AV node and bundle of his loose conductive cells

48
Q

What causes SA node cells to decrease in number

A

Myocardial fat, collagen, and elastin fibers increase

49
Q

Changes in contractility

A
  1. Contraction prolonged
  2. Longer interval between contractions
  3. Weakened force
50
Q

Why is contraction prolonged

A

Slower release of calcium into the myoplasm during systole

51
Q

What decreases in the cardiac system with age

A
  1. Heart rate
  2. Stroke volume
  3. Cardiac output
  4. Ejection fraction
  5. O2 uptake
52
Q

What can cause normal compensatory changes in heart function

A
  1. Stress
  2. Infection
  3. Pain
  4. Hemorrhaging
  5. Other physical conditions

Older Adults (4 decks)

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