Chapter 3

Question 0

Constant

Answer 0

Something that could potentially vary but is kept the same for the study

Question 1

Variables

Answer 1

Something that varies

Has at least 2 levels

Question 2

Measured variable

Answer 2

The one whose levels are just observed and recorded

Question 3

Manipulated variable

Answer 3

Researcher controls it

Certain variables cannot be manipulated like gender or iq

Question 4

Conceptual variables

Answer 4

Abstract concepts such as shyness or. Intelligence
Also called a construct
Must be carefully defined at a theoretical level

Question 5

Conceptual definition

Answer 5

The definition for a conceptual variable

Question 6

Operational variables

Answer 6

Turning a concept into a measured or manipulated variable

Gives the ability to test a hypothesis

Question 7

Claim

Answer 7

The argument someone is trying to make

Question 8

Frequency Claims

Answer 8

Describe a particular rate or degree of a single variable
Claim how frequent or common something is
Percentage of a variable
Number of people involved

Focus on 1 variable
Measured not manipulated

Question 9

Association Claims

Answer 9

Argues one level of a variable is likely to be associated with a particular level of another
Correlate or covary

Contains 2 variables
Measured not manipulated

Question 10

Positive Association

Answer 10

High goes with high
Low goes with low
Positive correlation

Question 11

Negative association

Answer 11

High goes with low

Low goes with high

Question 12

Zero association

Answer 12

No association

Question 13

Causal Claim

Answer 13

Argues 1 of the variables is responsible for changing the other

Has 2 variables which covary
Goes beyond associations

Has 3 criteria
1- relationship between 2 variables not 0
2- causal variable must be shown to be first
3- no other explanation for the relationship

Question 14

Validity

Answer 14

Appropriateness of a conclusion or a decision

A valid claim

Question 15

Construct Validity

Answer 15

How well a conceptual variable operationalized
The extent to which the operational variables used in a study are a good approximation of the conceptual variables

Frequency Claim: how well did the researcher measure the variable?
Association Claim: how well did the researcher measure all the variables?
Causal Claim: how well has the researcher measured or manipulated the variables in the study?

Question 16

External Validity

Answer 16

The extent to which the results generalize to a large population or other times/ situations

Frequency Claim: How well the results of a study generalize to or represent people it context besides those in the study? How representative is the sample?
Association Claim: to what populations,settings, and times can we generalize this claim? How representative is the sample? To What other problems might the association be generalized?
Casual Claim: to what populations, settings, and times can we generalize the casual claim? How representative is the sample? How representative are the manipulations and measures?

Question 17

Statistical Validity

Answer 17

Addresses the strength of an effect and it’s statistical significance. Also addresses the extent to which a study minimizes the prob of 2 errors: concluding that there is an effect when there isn’t 1 ( type 1 error) or concluding there is no effect when there is 1 ( type 2 error)

Frequency Claim: what is the margin of error of the estimate?
Association claim: what is the effect size? How strong is the association? Is it statistically significant? If a relationship found what is prob of false positive (type 1) ? If no relationship what is prob of miss ( type 2)
Causal Claim: what is the effect size? Is there a difference between groups? How large? Statistically significant?

Question 18

Internal Validity

Answer 18

Is a relationship between 1 variable and another, the extent to which the first rather than a random variable is responsible for the second

Frequency claim: not relevant
Association claim: no causality asserted therefore not relevant
Causal Claim: was the study an experiment? Does the study achieve temporal precedence ? Does the study control for alternative explanations by randomly assigned participants to groups? Does the study avoid several internal validity threats?

Question 19

Independent variable

Answer 19

Manipulated variable

Question 20

Dependent variable

Answer 20

Measured variable

Question 21

What is needed to make a causal claim

Answer 21

Covariance
Temporal precedence
Internal validity ( third variable rule of confounds)

Question 22

What can help with a causal claim

Answer 22

An experiment where we control the IV to get temporal precedence and internal validity

Question 23

How can we increase internal validity

Answer 23

With random assignment