Chapter 3 Flashcards

(38 cards)

0
Q

Birth process

3 stages w

A
1) labor: 12 hours 1St Bebe, 6 after
Cervix dilates
Push fetus to vagina
Cervix displayed to 10 cm
Pain: contractions increase in frequency and intense to dialate cervix

2)delivery: 1/2 to 1 hour
Moms effort to push fetus through cervix and out of uterus
Less frequent contraction (60-90sec)
Crowning:babies head appears at putter opening of vag

3) delivery of placenta and uterus
Contract until placenta and Umb cord are out
Few min to half hour
Whole placenta must be out or continue to bleed
Breast feed can expel it quicker or oxytocin injection

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1
Q

Oxytocin

A

Hormone released by the pituitary gland it causes labor to begin

When hits a certain threshold

Triggers uterine contractions

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2
Q

Episiotomy

A

Incision to make vag bigger

Shorten by 15 to 30 min

Critics say unnecessary
1970 90%
2000 20%

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3
Q

Birth complications

A

1) failure to progress and breech
- longer than normal so they walk nap or get an enema meds oxytocin to stim the contractions

Breech presentation: feet/butt in breech position
Dangerous because Umb cord can restrict
Midwifes massage while using medicine by 37th week

2) c-section, cesarean delivery 
Can't breech progress or any problems this is the answer 
Cut baby from uterus 
2000 year practice but babes would die or mothers 
Until sterile and antibiotics 
Help with stds 
Cost more and dr get payed more
But not higher rates
Vbac vag birth after csection 

Low birth prob rates in north Europe India abs Africa

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4
Q

Culture and birth

A

Spiritually unclean
Stay away from leoe

New Guinea- outskirts of village where excretion and menstruation occur

Vietnam- x go out for 30 days talk to husband via door

Cleanse ceremonies

Why? To help control pain and peril of birth

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5
Q

Placenta and culture

A

Danger
Harmful
Burial or burn then bury
Like twin of fetus or “spirit”

Has nutrients and hormones
Consuming
Has oxytocin to prevent hemroids

China- milk production or in meds

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6
Q

Birth practices

A

Older women
Midwifes
Anyone with on call availability

Spirit calling
Volunteer
Apprentice

Highly respected
Feared in India lowest status unclean and pollut

Us docs and midwifes assist
Developing- husbands can’t be there for birth
And traditional men need to be there Mexican and Philippines

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7
Q

Ease preg

A

Midwife massage
Tea
Meds

Ukraine whiskey

Walk or lay during contractions

Birth talk- encourage or scold if too loud scream or complaining

Longer labor more danger

Key and comb given as luck

Ropes bottles/corks flowers animals

To do:
Rocking chair
Birth ball
Steady breathing 
Shower

Epidural- inject amnesia in spinal fluid to decrease pain but keep consciousness

After birth baby lay on abdomen
Until Umb cord and placenta are expelled via massage meds rituals try to sneeze or vomit or synth oxytocin

Cut chord: tie cut bamboo she’ll broken glass sickles razor not clean baby have disease
India ash from burnt cow poop causes tetanus

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8
Q

Variations in birth

A

Midwifes - 15th century

18th-med school dr. With little experience

Obstetrics birth field and prenatal care

18 and 19th forceps
50% of births used it in us in 19
Then4 via 20rh

20th
50% use Midwifes
1930- 15%
1973-10%

1940s gloves and hand washing introduced

20th
Twilight sleeping
Inject with narcotics 
1930-1960
Felt pain can't remember 

Natural birth proposed in 1930 popular by 1960

Today 
90% U.S. births in hospitals 
Epidurals
Efm elect fetal monitor fetus heart beat
Increase (can) csection

More use of midwives
Dads now included

80% of work pop in ing countries birth is pain and peril

Neonatal mortality 2x high for Africans

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9
Q

Fontanels

A

Two soft spots on back and top of head

Shift during birth to assist passage through birth canal

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10
Q

Neonate

A

Newb baby

Up to 4 weeks

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11
Q

Neonatal jaundice

A

Yellow skin of baby in first days due to immature liver

If like after few days problem
Fix via phototherapy (expose to blue light)
Cause brain damage

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12
Q

Anoxia

A

Can’t breath when hit oxygen

Minutes can cause perm damage

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13
Q

Apagar scale

A

0-3- life threatening
4-6- req assist to breath
7-10- good to excellence condition

Appearance blue- pink
Pulse absent to fast
Grimace ( reflex) none to cough sneeze cry
Activity limp and flaccid to strong active
Respiration no breath more than 1 min to good breath with cry

98% us babes fall in 7-10

Two times
Minute after birth
Then 5

Rates determine risk of death in first month

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14
Q

Brazelton scale

A
27 items 
Reflex 
Phys state
Stun response
Cent nervous system stability

Day after birth
Then two months
Decrease develop probe
Increase parent confidence

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15
Q

Low birth weight
Preterm
Small for date

A

<2500g 5.5lbs

Preterm- babes born at 37 weeks or less

Small for date: term for neonates who weigh less than 90% of other babes born at same age

World rate: 14%

As and af highest rates euro lowest

16
Q

About low birth and effect on neonate

A

Very low birth weight less than 3.3 at birth
Extreme low birth less than 2.2 lbs

Born preteen
Us 50% survive if born pre 25 weeks

Why?
Malnutrition illness disease teratogens

Physical systems not good immature infection vulnerable
Lack Fat to insulate
Lungs

17
Q

Surfactant

A

Helps them breath and keeps air sacs from collapsing

Preterm haven’t developed this

Fatal consequences

Breath tube help

18
Q

Treatment of low birth weight

A

Kangaroo care moms and dad place preterm infant on skin on chest 2-3 hours a day during early weeks of life

Highly beneficial breath body temp heart rate sleep cycles

More likely to survive

Infant massage
Isolette- sterile chamber with oxy and control temp
Weight gain

Though low weight later problems
Physical cognitive allergies
Language delays poor school performance

19
Q

Sleep of neonates

A

Avg 16-17
Reality 10-21

Periods of sleep sleep deprived parents

4months sleep longer at once, 14 per day

Rem sleep
Re
Adults 20%
50% on neonates 
3 months 40%

Sleep wake state in babes
Trad babes always with moms
Us sleep 8 hours by 8 months

20
Q

Baby reflexes

A

Rooting

Auto response to stimulation

Moro- arch backs fling out arms bring in arms in embrace - response to fall back or loud noise
Fade after a few months measure neuro development

Cough sneeze blink shiver avoid enviro factors

21
Q

Babkin response

A

Stroke palms close it eyes open eyes tilt head forward

22
Q

Babinski reflex

A

Stroke foot twist it inward as fans out toes

23
Q

Neonatal senses

A

Touch 1st feel pain or will sleep recover quickly and be normal after
Cry from pain releases pain killer hormone

Taste/smell: prewomb jazz prefer
Amniotic fluid prefer merms- soothing
Prefer sweet taste (add sugar to amn fluid eat faster)
2 days no mom breast pref, but at 4 prefer mom

Hearing- rec distinctive sounds
Nipple experiment-suck harder at preference prefer mom and native over foreign language 
Can tell when sound changes 
Syllable changes 
Music sensitivity 
Prefer prebirth mom songs 

Limit- amniotic fluid drain from ears improve by two years
Sound localization- can’t tell where sound comes from worsens in first two months improve by one

Sight- lens retina cells cones and optic nerve not strong yet 
20/200 or 20/600
Best at 8-14 inch
Binocular vision- happens at 3-4
Visual preferences
24
Mammary glands
Produce milk for babies | Breast expansion
25
Let down reflex
Females Reflex that cause milk to be released in the tip of the nipple to her baby crying seeing the baby open its mouth or thinking about it
26
Dealing with breast struggles
Wet nurse | Substitute goat formula rice
27
Breast feed on us
Latinas 80 White 79 Black 65
28
Benefits of Brest feeding
Disease protection- antibodies that strengthen immune system reduce risks Cognitive development- higher cog function Reduced obesity- 6 months Better child and adult health Mom: Go back to weight Oxytocin release Birth control opress ovulation
29
Colostrum
Thick yellow Milky liquid produced by mammal moms following birth Protein rich Help immune system
30
Meta analysis experiment
Combine stats to get study results overAll outcome Confounded- probs in stats where can't detangke variables in people's lives Intervention programs help and promote breast feeding age no differences except iq unless low term
31
Crying
Fussing- warm up mild distress develop into full blown if no response Soft whimper long breath intakes Anger cry- large volume via vocal chords Pain cry- sudden no fussing large breaths lets loose By month parents tell anger vs pain Cry curve
32
Response to cry
``` Peak patterns Unpredictable Resist to south Pain like face Long last Evening cry ``` Increase in culture where left alone 4/5 have 15 min crying episodes in us for bo reason Study- freq same duration less if held more
33
Swaddling
Wrap babies in tight clothes
34
Colic
1 in 10 west babies Cry for three hours Three days at a time Three weeks or more In second or third week of life Decline after six weeks disappears at three months Unknown cause No effects Maltreatment
35
Imprint
Instant and enduring bond to first objective after birth in birds
36
Bonding
First few min and hours after birth crucial to mother infant relationships
37
Postpartum depression
In parents with we baby Genetic predisposition Baby not on track- but later will be more withdrawn Nature vs nurture idea Feelings of sadness and anxiety so intense impact daily life Us and U.K. 4% of dads get it 10% rate worldwide