Chapter 3

Question 1

Model

Answer 1

simply a visual representation of a phenomenon or behavior

Question 2

Theory

Answer 2

explain why a behavior or phenomenon occurs

Question 3

why are theory essential to psychology?

Answer 3

1. ) allow us to better understand an predict physical activity behavior
2. ) give us a scientifically validated blueprintt from which to formulate effective behavioral interventions

Question 4

motivation

Answer 4

degree of determination, drive, or desire, with which an individual approaches or avoids a behavior

Question 5

intrinsic motivation

Answer 5

emanates from within

Question 6

extrinsic motivation

Answer 6

driven by a force outside

Question 7

expectancy-value approach

Answer 7

motivation and behavior was predicated on the individual’s expected behavioral outcome and on the value the individual placed on that predicted outcome

Question 8

social cognitive approach

Answer 8

view exercise behavior as being influenced by both human cognition and external stimuli.

Question 9

Self efficacy theory (Bandura)

Answer 9

how individuals form perceptions about their ability to engage in a specific behavior.

Question 10

self efficacy

Answer 10

focuses on the extent to which the individual feels she will be successful in performing the desired behavior given the abilities she possesses and the unique situation in which she finds herself

Question 11

primary sources of self efficacy (4)

Answer 11

past performance success, vicarious experience, social persuasion, physiological/affective states

Question 12

measuring self efficacy

Answer 12

level and strength of self efficacy
also generality

level: individual’s belief that she can successfully perform various elements of a task
strength: individual’s degree of conviction that she will successfully accomplish each level of the task

generality - not often measured, the extent to which an individual’s efficacy for a specific task carries over to other activities

Question 13

overcoming barriers to self efficacy

Answer 13

coping efficacy - self-efficacy for overcoming barriers to challenges to exercise

scheduling efficacy: confidence in one’s abilities to schedule and manage exercise behavior

Question 14

Theory of Reasoned Action

Answer 14

says intentions is the strongest predictor of behavior`

Question 15

TRA Intention determined by

Answer 15

attitdue and subjective norm

attitude: person’s positive or negative thoughts concerning the performance of the behavior

subjective norm: degree to which a person feels social pressure to perform the behavior

Question 16

attitude determined by

Answer 16

individual’s:

• beliefs about the consequences of a an action
• evaluation of the consequences

Question 17

subjective norms deteremined by

Answer 17

• perceptions about the expectations of significant others

- motivation to comply with the perceived expectations of others

Question 18

interventions based on TRA best accomplished by techniques that

Answer 18

• serve to improve ones attitude toward exercise

- cause the person to feel external pressure to engage in exercise

Question 19

perceived behavioral control (PBC)

Answer 19

degree of personal control the individual perceives he or she has over the behavior in question

accounts for barriers and if the individual thinks they can overcome those barriers

Question 20

self-determination theory

Answer 20

better explains affective, cognitive, and behavioral responses within an achievement domain

Question 21

3 primary psychosocial needs (SDT)

Answer 21

need for self-determination (autonomy)
need to demonstrate mastery
need for social interactions

Question 22

SDT - 3 forms of motivation capable of driving achievement behavior

Answer 22

Intrinsic
Extrinsic
Amotivation (non- motivated)

Question 23

SDT - types of extrinsic motivation

Answer 23

Integrated - confirming sense of self
Identified - achieving personal goals
Introjected - sense of obligation
External regulation - gain reward, avoid punishment

Question 24

SDT 3 levels of motivation

Answer 24

Global - personality trait, degree of motivation experienced across many behavioral domains
Contextual - motivation experienced only in a particular context
Situational - experienced in a particular activity

(each of these has subdivisions containing intrinsic, extrinsic, and amotivation)