Chapter 4

Question 1

B.F. Skinner’s theory

Answer 1

stimulus response theory

Question 2

stimulus response theory

Answer 2

explanation of how people learn new behaviors

based on classical conditioning and instrumental conditioning

Question 3

classical conditioning

Answer 3

principles that state that a reflexive behavior can be elicited through repeated pairings of the behavior with an antecedent cue (precedes the behavior)

Question 4

Instrumental conditioning

Answer 4

voluntary behavior can be learned by pairing the behavior with consequent reinforcement (reward that follows a behavior)

Question 5

consequences according to Skinner

Answer 5

consequences have a greater impact on behavior than do antecedents

Question 6

4 types of events that can follow according to SRT

Answer 6

positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, punishment, and extinction

Question 7

positive reinforcement

Answer 7

adding something positive

positive reinforcer, intrinsic reinforcer, extrinsic reinforcers

Question 8

negative reinforcement

Answer 8

taking away something negative

most effective when delivered immediately and frequently after the event

Question 9

punishment

Answer 9

adding something negative

used to decrease probability that a behavior will occur again

Question 10

extinction

Answer 10

taking away reinforcement (rewards, reductions in pain)

decreasing probability of that behavior occurring again

Question 11

limitation of SRT

Answer 11

does not consider the important role of cognition
expectations of getting a certain outcome
perceived control over attaining that outcome
perceived value of the outcome
fails to provide info that can be used to develop interventions to change
limited in predicting future exercise behavior and developing exercise interventions

Question 12

TTM - Transtheoretical Model

Answer 12

integrates elements across a variety of theirs and models of behavior

behavior change is a gradual process whereby the individual progresses through a series of stages

Question 13

stages of TTM

Answer 13

precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, maintenance

Question 14

pre-contemplation

Answer 14

people have no intention to start exercising in future (next 6 months or so)
considering the cons greater than pros
defensive
need intervention

Question 15

contemplation

Answer 15

have intentions to start exercising within the next 6 months
equally aware of pros and cons
ambivalent feelings, still need intervention

Question 16

preparation

Answer 16

intend to start exercising in the immediate future (the next month.
pros greater than cons
performing tasks to prepare for exercise
making small changes

Question 17

Action

Answer 17

people are exercising at recommended levels of health and fitness
unstable stage - avoid falling back into old habits

Question 18

Maintenance

Answer 18

is achieved when people have been exercising at recommended levels for 6 months
less likely to relapse

Question 19

how do people move through stages of TTM?

Answer 19

experiential processes: directed toward increasing people’s awareness of and changing their thoughts and feelings about themselves and their exercise behavior
or
behavioral processes: consists of behaviors that a person undertakes in order to change aspects of the environment that may affect exercise participation

Question 20

experiential processes

Answer 20

consciousness raising
self-reevaluation
environemntal reevaluation
dramatic relief
social liberation

Question 21

Behavioral processes

Answer 21

self-liberation
counterconditioning
stimulus control
reinforcement management
helping relationships

Question 22

consciousness raising

Answer 22

seeking new info and a better understanding of exercise

experiential processes

Question 23

self-reevaluation

Answer 23

assessing how one thinks and feels about oneself as an inactive person

experiential processes

Question 24

environmental re-evaulation

Answer 24

considering how inactivity affects the physical and social environment

experiential processes

Question 25

dramatic relief

Answer 25

experiencing and expressing feelings about becoming more active or remaining inactive through exercise

experiential processes

Question 26

social liberation

Answer 26

increasing awareness of the social and environmental factors that support physical activity

experiential processes

Question 27

self-liberation

Answer 27

engaging in activities that strengthen one’s commitment to change and the belief that one can change

behavioral processes

Question 28

counter-conditioning

Answer 28

substituting physical activities for sedentary activities

behavioral processes

Question 29

stimulus control

Answer 29

controlling situations and cues that trigger inactivity and skipped workouts

behavioral processes

Question 30

reinforcement management

Answer 30

rewarding oneself for being active

behavioral processes

Question 31

helping relationships

Answer 31

using support from others during attempts to change

behavioral processes

Question 32

how can you tell someone is moving through TTM stages

Answer 32

shift in decisional balance (perceiving pros and cons)

increased self-efficacy

Question 33

Social Ecological Models

Answer 33

take the approach that the individual-level factors are only one of multiple levels of influence on behavior
-individual bears responsibility for engaging in health behavior

Question 34

Social ecological ecosystems

Answer 34

microsystem
- immediate people you interact with

mesosystems
-interaction between microsystems

exosystems
-external systems that influence microsystems

macrosystems
-larger sociocultural context

Question 35

Built environment

Answer 35

human made settings in which people live, work, and play

Question 36

policy environment

Answer 36

rules, regulations, and practices that can impact physical activity through a variety of mechanisms