Chapter 3

Question 1

Federalism

Answer 1

A Political system in which ultimate authority is shared between a central government and state or regional governments

Question 2

Devolution

Answer 2

the current effort to scale back the size and activities of the national government and to shift responsibility for a wide range of domestic programs from Washington to the states. In recent years these areas have included welfare health care, and job training.

Question 3

Sovereignty

Answer 3

Supreme or ultimate political authority; a sovereign government is one that is legally and politically independent of any other government

Question 4

Unitary System

Answer 4

is a sovereign state governed as a single entity. The central government is supreme, and the administrative divisions exercise only powers that the central government has delegated to them.

Question 5

Confederation

Answer 5

A political system in which states or regional governments retain ultimate authority except for those powers that they expressly delegate to a central government

Question 6

Tenth Amendment

Answer 6

There are powers and rights given to people that arnt listed in the constitution

Question 7

Supremacy Clause

Answer 7

Laws passed by congress and established by constitution and treaties shall be the supreme law of the land.

Question 8

Elastic or “necessary and proper” clause

Answer 8

Gives congress the right to make all laws “necessary and proper” to carry out the powers expressed in the other clauses

Question 9

Commerce Clause`

Answer 9

The clause states that the United States Congress shall have power “To regulate Commerce with foreign Nations, and among the several States, and with the Indian Tribes.” Courts and commentators have tended to discuss each of these three areas of commerce as a separate power granted to Congress.`

Question 10

“Full Faith and Credit”

Answer 10

the promise of the government to use its full taxation and borrowing powers to repay government bonds

Question 11

“privileges and Immunities Clause”

Answer 11

prevents a state from treating citizens of other states in a discriminatory manner. Additionally, a right of interstate travel may plausibly be inferred from the clause.

Question 12

Enumerated Powers (national)

Answer 12

The expressed powers of congress that are itemized and numbered 1-18 in article I, section 8 of the constitution

Question 13

Reserved Powers

Answer 13

Powers that belong strictly to the states

Question 14

Concurrent Powers

Answer 14

Powers that both the national government and the states have

Question 15

Implied Powers

Answer 15

Powers that the government requires to carry out the expressed constitutional powers

Question 16

Denied Powers

Answer 16

Powers that are denied to the government

Question 17

Nullification

Answer 17

the act of cancelling something

Question 18

Kentucky and Virginia resolutions

Answer 18

legislatures took the position that the federal Alien and Sedition Acts were unconstitutional.

Question 19

John C. Calhoun

Answer 19

John Caldwell Calhoun was an American politician and political theorist

Question 20

Duel Federalism

Answer 20

is a political arrangement in which power is divided between the federal and state governments in clearly defined terms

Question 21

Layer Cake Federalism

Answer 21

Conceives of federalism as a marble cake in which all levels of government are involved in a variety of issues and programs

Question 22

Marble Cake Federalism

Answer 22

is a form of federalism where there is mixing of powers, resources, and programs between and among the national, state, and local governments.

Question 23

Creative Federalism and the great society

Answer 23

Developed during President Lyndon Johnson’s administration, It was characterized by the Great Society programs, which placed a major responsibility on federally funded programs.

Question 24

New Federalism

Answer 24

Political theory first espoused by Richard Nixon and carried out by Ronald Reagan. __________ advocates the downszing of the federal government and the devolution of power to the states.

Question 25

Initiative

Answer 25

the ability to assess and initiate things independently.

Question 26

Referendum

Answer 26

a general vote by the electorate on a single political question that has been referred to them for a direct decision.

Question 27

Recall

Answer 27

bring (a fact, event, or situation) back into one's mind, especially so as to recount it to others; remember.

Question 28

Grants-in-aid

Answer 28

an amount of money given to a local government, an institution, or a particular scholar.

Question 29

Categorical grants

Answer 29

Include project and formula grants and aim at assisting the states in areas such as health, income security, and education.

Question 30

Block Grants

Answer 30

A form of fiscal federalism where federal aid is given to the states with few strings attached.

Question 31

Revenue sharing grants

Answer 31

the system of disbursing part of federal tax revenues to state and local governments for their use.

Question 32

Mandates

Answer 32

an official order or commission to do something.

Question 33

104th Congress

Answer 33

Both chambers had Republican majorities for the first time since the 1950s

Question 34

Unfunded Mandates

Answer 34

Those regulations passed by Congress or issued by regulatory agencies to the states without federal funds to support them.

Question 35

Conditions of aid

Answer 35

Terms set by the national government that states must meet if they are to receive certain federal funds.

Question 36

Devolution

Answer 36

Political theory of returning power to the states

Question 37

Second-order devolution

Answer 37

a flow of power and responsibility from the states to local governments.

Question 38

Third-order devolution

Answer 38

Use of nongovernmental organizations to implement public policy