chapter 3

Question 1

Phonetic Constraints

Answer 1

Restrictions on possible combinations of sounds

Question 2

Sound substitution

Answer 2

Sounds that exist in a lanuage a speaker knows are used to replace sounds that do not exist in the language when pronouncing words in a foreign language

Question 3

Phoneme

Answer 3

Class of speech sounds that seems to be variants of the same sound

Question 4

Allophone

Answer 4

corresponds to an actual phonetic segment produced by a speaker

Question 5

Contrastive distribution

Answer 5

Two sounds occur in the same phonetic environment, and using one rather thanthe other changes the meaning of the word

Question 6

Minimal pair

Answer 6

Pair of words whose pronunciations differ by exactly one sound and that have different meanings

Question 7

Alteration

Answer 7

difference between two (or more) phonetic forms that you might otherwise expect to be related

Question 8

Complementary distribution

Answer 8

Allophones of the same phoneme

Question 9

Free variation

Answer 9

Interchangeable in word-final position. Perceived as having the same sound.

Question 10

Overlapping Distribution

Answer 10

Sounds that are in contrastive distribution and sounds that are in free variation

Question 11

obstruents

Answer 11

Produced with an obstruction of the airflow

Question 12

sonorants

Answer 12

segments produced with a relatively open passage for the airflow

Question 13

palatalization

Answer 13

special type of assimilation in which a consonant becomes likes a neighboring palatal

Question 14

vowel harmony

Answer 14

Common type of long distance assimilation. Back vowel becomes front when preceded by a front vowel in the same word

Question 15

dissimilation

Answer 15

Cause two close or adjacent sounds to become less similar by a means of a change in one or both sounds

Question 16

insertion

Answer 16

cause a segment not present at the phonemic level to be added to the phonetic form of a word

Question 17

Voiceless stop insertion

Answer 17

Between a nasal consonant and a voiceless fricative, a voiceless stop with the same place of articulation as the nasal is inserted

Question 18

Deletion

Answer 18

Rules eliminate the sound that was present at the phonemic level

Question 19

metathesis

Answer 19

Change the order of sounds

Question 20

Strengthening

Answer 20

Make sounds stronger

Question 21

Aspiration

Answer 21

Voiceless stops become aspirated when they occur at the beginning of a stressed syllable

Question 22

Weakening

Answer 22

Considered to be a weaker sound because it is shorter and obstructs air less

Question 23

Flapping

Answer 23

An alveolar (oral) stop is realized when it occurs after a stressed vowel and before an unstressed vowel

Question 24

obligatory rules

Answer 24

Include aspiration, vowel nasalization, vowel lengthening and liquid and glide devoicing

Question 25

optional rules

Answer 25

May or may not apply in every utterance. Responsible for variation of speech. Depends on rate and style of speech.