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MCAT Biology > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

1
Q

virus

A

has aa capsid, and from 1 to several hundred genes in the form of DNA or RNA in the capsid; not

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2
Q

capsid

A

protein coat

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3
Q

envelope

A

lipid rich, viruses surround themselves with them , contains virus specific proteins

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4
Q

viruses; living organisms

A

don’t metabolize nutrients, can’t reproduce by themselves, can have DNA or RNA but not both, don’t have a cell wall or a membrane

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5
Q

viral infection

A
  1. virus absorbs chemical receptor site on the host (chemical receptor is a specific glycoprotein) 2. nucleic acid of the virus penetrates into a cell, in bacteriophages nucleic acid is normally injected through the tail after viral enzymes have digested a hole in the cell wall. in
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6
Q

endocytotic

A

most viruses that infect eukaryotes are englufed via this process

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7
Q

lytic infection

A

virus takes over the cell’s reproductive machinery and begins reproducing new viruses. cell fills with new viruses until it bursts

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8
Q

eclipse period

A

brief period before the first fully formed virion appears

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9
Q

latent period

A

perfiod from infection to lysis (includes eclipse period)

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10
Q

virulent virus

A

virus following the lytic cycle

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11
Q

lysogenic infection

A

viral DNA is incorpoated in to the host genome, or if the virus is RNA and it posses the enzyme reverse transcriptase (then DNA is reverse transcribed from RNA and then incroporated in the host cell). so when the host cell replicates its DNA the viral DNA is replicated as well

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12
Q

temperate virus

A

virus in a lysogenic cycle

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13
Q

dormant or latent

A

viral DNA is incorporated in the host DNA and is called a provirus

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14
Q

plus strand RNA

A

proteins can be directly translated from the RNA (unenveloped)

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15
Q

retro viruses

A

enveloped plus strand RNA // carries the enzyme reverse transcriptase

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16
Q

minus strand RNA

A

is the complement to mRNA and must be transcribed to plus RNA before being translated

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17
Q

types of viruses

A

double stranded RNA and single and double stranded DNA viruses

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18
Q

viriods

A

small rings of naked RNA, only infect plants

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19
Q

prions

A

cause infections in animals, capable of reproducing themselves

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20
Q

vaccine

A

either injection of antibodies or an injection of a non patheogenic viruse with the same capsid or envelope

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21
Q

carrier population

A

more than one animal may carry the virus thus it could be transferred back to humans

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22
Q

prokaryotes

A

don’t have a membrane bound nucleus, most are in the domain bacteria

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23
Q

archaea

A

more in common with eukaryotes, extreme environments, cell walls not made of peptidoglycan

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24
Q

fixing CO2

A

all microorganisms, reducing CO2 and using the carbon to create organic molecules

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25
autotrophs
capable of fixing CO2 as their sole source of carbon
26
heterotrophs
get carbon from organic matter
27
phototrophs
use light as an energy source
28
chemotrophs
use oxidation of organic and inorganic matter
29
nitrogen fixation
N2 converted to ammonia
30
nitrifcation
creates nitrates from ammonia
31
nucleoid
RNA, DNA and protein complex in prokaryotes, not enclosed by a membrane
32
cocci
round shaped bacteria
33
bacilli
rod shaped bacteria
34
sprilla
helically shaped bacteria
35
ribosomes
prokaryotes have them, translate proteins,
36
mesoomes
invaginations of the plasma membrane
37
inclusion bodies
granules of organic or inorganic matter that may be visible under a light microscope
38
plasma membrabe
surrounds the cyotosol of nearly all prokaryotes by a phospholipid bilayer
39
phoshpholipid
phosphate group, 2 FA chains and glycerol backbone (baloon with two strings), molecules is amphipathic
40
micelle
polar ends toward the soultion, nonpolar ends toward each other
41
prokaryotes plasma membrane
doesn't have steroids, some have steroid like molecules
42
integral/intrinsic proteins
traverse the membrane from the inside of the cell to the outside
43
peripheral or extrinisic proteins
situated on the surfaces of them membrane -- ionically bonded to integral proteins or the polar group of the lipid
44
fluid mosiac model
membrane is fluid, parts can move laterally but cannot separate , asymmetrical layout of its proteins, hopanoids probably reduce fluidity. in eukaryotic membranes cholesterol modertaes membrane fluidity
45
diffusion
occurs in the direction of lower concentration
46
chemical concentration gradient
a gradual change in concentration of a compound over a distance, series of vectors pointing in the direction of lower concentration
47
electrical gradient
points in the direction that positively charged particle will tend to move
48
electrochemical gradient
chemical and electrical gradient combined
49
semipermeable
slows diffusion for a particle but doesn't stop it
50
aspects of a compound and semipermeability
size and charge -- bigger less permeable and more polar less permeable
51
passive diffusion
molecules move through leakage channels across the channel due to random motion
52
transfer or carrier proteins
help move molecules that are too big or too charged to passively diffuse across the membrane
53
facilitated diffusion
diffusion occur down electro-chemical gradient of all species involved
54
selectively permeable
facilitated diffusion makes membranes ___ because it is able to select between molecules of similar size and charge
55
active transport
movement of a compound against its electrochemical gradient, requires ATP
56
secondary active transport
using ATP to create e-c gradient and then using the energy of e-c gradient to acquire or expel a molecule
57
bacterial envelope
surrounds the protoplast
58
protoplast
bacterial plasma membrane and everything inside it
59
cell wall
component of the envelope, adjacent to the plasma membrane, prevents cell from bursting
60
hypertonic
cytosol is more concentrated than aq solution surrouding them
61
isotonic
same amount of particles
62
hyootonic
cytosol contains less particles
63
peptidoglycan
cell wall made of, disaccharid polymer chains with AA, 3 of which aren't found in proteins, chains are continuous, more elastic than cellulose, porous
64
gram sgram staining
stains two major clel wall types differently
65
gram positive bacteria
thick peptidoglycan cell wall, prevent gram stain from leaking out, appear purple
66
gram-negative bacteria
appear pink when gram stained, thin peptidoglycan cell wall, outside the cell wall they have phospholipid bilayer (more permeable)
67
slime layer
wraps bacteria, can be washed off
68
pili
short tenacles, can attach a bacterium to a solid surface, not involved in cell motility
69
flagella
long, hollow, rigid, helical cyclinders made from the globular protein flagella, rotate counterclockwise to propel bacterium in one direction, move clockwise-- bacteria tumbles -- allow bacteria to change orientation and go in a new direction, propelled using energy from a protein gradient
70
genetic recombination
how bacteria get new genes
71
binary fission
two DNA polymerase begin at origin of replication, move in opposite direction making single strands that combine with template strands to form two complete DNA double stranded circles, cell then divides -- cells are gentically identical
72
conjugation
one bacteria needs to have a plasmid with the gene that codes for the sex pilus , plasmids are small circles of DNA, need to have a conjugative plasmid to initate conjugation , sex pilus is a hollow protein tube that connects two bacteria to allow for the passage of DNA, connects the cell that has the conj, plasmid to the one that doesnt, a strand of the plasmid is nicked and one of the strand separates from its complement the loose strand is then replicated and fed through the pilus
73
F plasmid
fertility factor of F factor ( have it = F+), if pilus is made while the F factor is integrated into the chromosome some or all the rest of the chromosome may be replicated and transferred
74
R plasmid
resistance to antibiotics
75
transformation
bacteria incorporate DNA from their external environment into their genome
76
transduction
when virions infect a new bacterium and they inject harmless DNA instead of virulent viral DNA fragments
77
vector
virus that mediates tranduction
78
endospores
gram positive bacteria lie dormant for ears, resistant to heat, UV radiation, chemical disinfectant and desications, , bacterium divides within its cell wall , has to be activated before it can germinate and grow -- activated by heat and germination is triggered by nutrients
79
fungi
distinct kingdown with three divisions-- NOT PHYLA -- eukaryotic heterotrophs obtains food by absorption, secrete their digestive enzymes outside their bodies and then absorb the products of digestions.// don't distinguish between living and dead matter - -can be potent pathogens
80
saprophytic
live off dead or organic matter
81
septa
cell walls made of chitlin(polysacchirde)
82
chitlin
more resistance to microbial attack than cellulose
83
zygomycota
don't have a cell wall
84
yeast
unicellular fungi
85
fungi cont
don't have centrioles, mitosis happens in nucleus, nuclear envelope never breaks down
86
mycelium
tangled mass growth state of fungi
87
hyphae
branched thread-like stuctures
88
fungi growth state
haploid stage predominate, hyphae are haploid
89
reproductive structures
release haploid spores -- give rise to new mcelia in asexual repoduction
90
yeast
rarely produce sexually by producing spores -- asexual reproduction occurs by budding (cell fission)
91
sexual reproduction fungi
between hyphae from two mycelia of different matting type + and = -- grow toward on another, eventually touch and make a conjufation bridge.
92
deciding between types of reproduction
sexual reproduction-- times are tough | asexual reporudction -- times are good

MCAT Biology (7 decks)

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