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Science of Psych > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

1
Q

central nervous system

A

brain & spinal cord

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2
Q

peripheral nervous system

A
  • all the other nerves in the body

- divided into somatic and autonomic (inside)

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3
Q

3 types of neurons

A

sensory, motor, & interneurons

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4
Q

sensory neurons

A
  • detect info from world

- somatosensory provide info from skin and muscles

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5
Q

motor neurons

A

direct muscles to contract/relax

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6
Q

interneurons

A

communicate within short circuits

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7
Q

parts of a neuron

A

dendrites, cell body, axon, and terminal buttons

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8
Q

dendrites

A

short, branchlike appendages that detect chemical signals

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9
Q

cell body

A
  • aka soma

- collect & integrate info

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10
Q

axon

A
  • transmit signals
  • can be really long
  • covered in a myelin sheath
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11
Q

terminal buttons

A

at the end of the axon

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12
Q

synapse

A

gap where chemical communication occurs between neurons

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13
Q

what is a neuron covered with

A

a semipermeable membrane that allows ions to travel through ion channels

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14
Q

resting membrane potential

A

inside a neuron is slightly more negative than outside, so it’s polarized

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15
Q

sodium potassium pump

A

increases potassium & decreases sodium within cell to maintain resting potential

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16
Q

action potential

A

aka neural firing

electrical signal that passes along the axon

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17
Q

types of chemical signals

A

excitatory (depolarize cell membrane by making inside more +) or inhibitory (increase polarization by making inside more -)

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18
Q

what happens when a neuron fires

A
  1. sodium gates open–> sodium ions rush in and inside becomes +
  2. potassium gates open–> K rushes out and inside becomes even more +
  3. Na then K gates close, cell is even more - than normal
  4. K-Na pump restores resting state
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19
Q

myelin sheath

A

insulates axons and allows signals to travel faster

made of glial cells

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20
Q

nodes of Ranvier

A

small gaps of exposed axon between the sheath

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21
Q

all or none principle

A

a neuron fires with the same potency each time or not at all

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22
Q

what are the neurons that send/receive signals called

A

presynaptic sends and postsynaptic receives

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23
Q

neurotransmitters

A
  • made in axon, stored in vesicles in terminal buttons

- convey signals across synapses

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24
Q

receptors

A

specialized protein molecules located on receiving membrane that respond to a specific neurotransmitter and can open or close ion channels

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25
Q

three major events that terminate a neurotransmitter’s influence

A

reuptake, enzyme deactivation, or autoreception

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26
Q

reuptake

A

a neurotransmitter is taken back into the presynaptic terminal buttons

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27
Q

enzyme deactivation

A

an enzyme destroys a neurotransmitter

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28
Q

autoreceptors

A

monitor how much neurotransmitter has been released and detect excesses

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29
Q

agonist vs. antagonist

A

agonists are drugs that enhance actions of neurotransmitters by blocking reuptake or mimicking a neurotransmitter, antagonists inhibit them

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30
Q

epinephrine

A
  • aka adrenaline

- fuels fight or flight response

31
Q

serotonin

A
  • emotional states, impulse control, dreaming

- lack of it causes depression

32
Q

dopamine

A
  • associated with motivation and reward
  • fuels eating, drinking, and sex
  • lack of it causes Parkinson’s
33
Q

GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid)

A
  • primary inhibitory neurotransmitter

- lack of it causes anxiety and seizures

34
Q

glutamate

A
  • primary excitatory transmitter

- excess causes seizures and destruction of neurons

35
Q

endorphins

A

-defense against pain

36
Q

Broca’s area

A

left frontal region crucial for producing language

37
Q

electroencephalograph (EEG)

A
  • device that measures brain activity using electrodes

- reflects all brain activity, so too noisy isolate specific responses

38
Q

positron emission tomography (PET)

A
  • inject a radioactive substance into the blood and see which brain areas receive increased blood flow
  • can be dangerous
39
Q

magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

A

-powerful magnetic field disrupts brain’s magnetism–> we can measure energy released from different brain tissues

40
Q

fMRI

A

measures blood flow indirectly by assessing changes in oxygen level

41
Q

transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)

A

uses fast and powerful magnetic field to disrupt brain activity momentarily in a specific region

42
Q

gray vs. white matter

A

in the spinal cord: gray is neurons’ cell bodies where white is axons and myelin sheaths
in the brain: gray is neuron bodies with nonmyelinated axons that only communicate locally, where white is the opposite

43
Q

brain stem

A
  • portion of spinal cord at the base of the skull
  • consists of medulla oblongata, pons, and midbrain
  • control basic survival functions
  • contains reticular formation=network of neurons affecting alertness and sleep
44
Q

cerebellum

A
  • large protuberance connected to back of brain stem

- important for proper motor function and balance, muscle memory, etc.

45
Q

forebrain

A

above brain stem and cerebellum, has a left and right hemisphere, contains cerebral cortex and subcortical regions

46
Q

limbic system

A
  • subcortical, links older and newer parts of the brain

- includes hypothalamus, thalamus, hippocampus, amygdala, and basal ganglia

47
Q

thalamus

A

receives incoming sensory information, organizes it, and relays it to the cortex

48
Q

hypothalamus

A
  • master regulatory structure, regulates body temperature, blood pressure, and glucose levels
  • also involved in motivation like thirst, aggression, and lust
49
Q

hippocampus

A
  • creates new memories by creating interconnections within cerebral cortex
  • involved in how we remember spatially
50
Q

amygdala

A
  • emotional processing of stimuli, especially fear
  • evaluates others’ emotions
  • strengthens memory of frightful events
51
Q

basal ganglia

A
  • system of subcortical structures used for planning, producing, and remembering movement
  • contains nucleus accumbens which motivates behavior and experiences rewards
52
Q

cerebral cortex

A
  • outer, wrinkly layer of cerebral hemispheres

- site of all thoughts, detailed perceptions, and complex behaviors

53
Q

what are the 4 lobes

A

occipital, pareital, temporal, and frontal

54
Q

corpus callosum

A

bridge between hemispheres

55
Q

occipital lobes

A
  • located at back of the head
  • responsible for vision
  • contains primary visual cortex
56
Q

parietal lobes

A
  • each one receives touch info from opposite side of the body
  • contains a primary somatosensory cortex that groups nearby sensations
  • this cortex is covered by a somatosensory homunculus, a distorted representation of the body
  • also involved in attention
  • hemineglect=one side is damaged so patients can’t notice anything on the other side
57
Q

temporal lobes

A
  • hold primary auditory cortex
  • specialized visual areas for recognizing faces (fusiform face area)
  • hipppocampus and amygdala
58
Q

frontal lobes

A
  • planning and movement
  • contains primary motor cortex that move muscles
  • prefrontal cortex that is responsible for attention to ideas, social life, cultural norms, and a sense of self
59
Q

lobotomy

A

damages prefrontal cortex and leaves patients emotionally flat and disconnected from social surroundings

60
Q

split brain

A
  • when hemispheres are cut, the right and left hemispheres can no longer communicate
  • right brain can react but not talk about objects it sees
61
Q

somatic nervous system

A
  • part of PNS

- transmits signals to the CNS via nerves about sensory details

62
Q

automatic nervous system

A
  • other part of PNS
  • regulates internal environment by stimulating glands & maintaining organs
  • sends signals to CNS via nerves about internal conditions like fullness
  • contains sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions
63
Q

sympathetic division

A
  • part of ANS

- prepares body for action when aroused

64
Q

parasympathetic division

A
  • part of ANS

- returns body back to resting state

65
Q

endocrine system

A
  • communication network that influences thoughts and behaviors
  • slower than nervous system and uses hormones
  • primarily controlled by hypothalamus
66
Q

hormones

A
  • chemical substances released into bloodstream by endocrine glands like pancreas, thyroid, and testes/ovaries
  • can be long-lasting
67
Q

gonads

A
  • endocrine glands influencing sexual behavior (testes or ovaries)
  • androgens are more prevalent in males vs. estrogens in females
68
Q

pituitary gland

A
  • located at the base of the hypothalamus, controls endocrine system
  • influences all other glands by producing hormones
69
Q

plasticity

A
  • ability of the brain to change itself continually
  • connections are strengthened by experience during critical periods
  • includes neurogenesis, especially in the hippocampus as memory is overwritten
  • when done early, certain aspects of the brain compensate for those that have been injured
70
Q

fire together, wire together

A

connections are strengthened when neurons fire at the same time

71
Q

gene expression

A

whether a particular gene is turned on or off based on environmental factors

72
Q

heritability

A
  • whether a trait is inherited– found by comparing e.g. a mother and daughter to two strangers and seeing if they have less than the avg variation
  • expressed as a decimal or percent
73
Q

epigenetics

A

study of how environment can create genetic tags that can be passed on

Science of Psych (14 decks)

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