Chapter 8

Question 1

analogical representations

Answer 1

have characteristics of the actual objects, usually images (map, picture)

Question 2

symbolic representations

Answer 2

abstract (words, numbers)

Question 3

concept

Answer 3

category or class of related items (fruits) that allows us to generalize

Question 4

stereotypes

Answer 4

cognitive schemas that allow us to generalize people based on membership in a group

Question 5

normative decision theories

Answer 5

people select the choice with the largest gain (not always accurate)

Question 6

descriptive decision theories

Answer 6

focus on actual choices instead of ideal ones

Question 7

heuristics

Answer 7

shortcuts to make quick decisions

Question 8

anchoring

Answer 8

when making decisions, people rely on the first piece of information they encounter (the Ghandi death example and interview characteristics)

Question 9

framing

Answer 9

tendency to emphasize potential losses or potential gains– people tend to avoid certain loss

Question 10

availability heuristic

Answer 10

tendency to make an answer based on what comes to mind first, can be based on your surroundings

Question 11

representativeness heuristic

Answer 11

tendency to place a person in a category (e.g. neurosurgeon example)

Question 12

affective forecasting

Answer 12

tendency for people to overestimate how events will make them feel in the future

Question 13

functional fixedness

Answer 13

having a fixed ideas on the function of an object– overcome this for effective problem solving

Question 14

insight

Answer 14

when you suddenly realize the solution to a problem

Question 15

morphemes

Answer 15

smallest units of words that have meaning (including suffixes and prefixes)

Question 16

phoneme

Answer 16

phonemes=basic sounds of speech

Question 17

aphasia

Answer 17

deficits in language comprehension and production

Question 18

Wernicke’s area

Answer 18

region in left hemisphere at intersection of temporal and parietal lobes that controls the understanding of meaning of words (they talk nonsense)

Question 19

telegraphic speech

Answer 19

rudimentary sentences spoken by children that are not grammatically correct but convey meaning

Question 20

deep structure

Answer 20

implicit meanings of sentences– sentences can have the same deep structure even if they are rearranged

Question 21

mental age

Answer 21

measure that compares child’s test score with average score for children of that age

Question 22

intelligent quotient

Answer 22

index of intelligence computed by dividing a child’s mental age by the actual age and multiplying by 100

Question 23

general intelligence (g)

Answer 23

one general factor controls intelligence in multiple fields

Question 24

fluid intelligence

Answer 24

being able to think logically without prior knowledge

Question 25

crystallized intelligence

Answer 25

knowledge acquired through experience

Question 26

emotional intelligence

Answer 26

social intelligent that emphasizes abilities to manage, recognize, and understand emotions + use them to act properly

Question 27

stereotype threat

Answer 27

apprehension about confirming negative stereotypes--> worse performance

Question 28

mental sets

Answer 28

problem solving strategies that have worked in the past

Question 29

phonics

Answer 29

teaches children an association between letters and their sounds

Question 30

whole language

Answer 30

teaches children to read by emphasizing the meaning of words and how they're connected