Chapter 3 Flashcards by Mateusz Marchut

According to scholars and researchers of the 20th century, child development is influenced by which context?

Cultural, Social and Physical Contexts.

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Which scholar expanded our understanding of a child’s maturation by emphasizing that development occurs through the interaction between the environment and the child’s innate abilities?

Jean Piaget

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What term refers to the cognitive structures which represent objects, events, and relationships in a child’s minds?

Shemas

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Which scholar suggested that children develop by internalizing the social interactions they experience?

Vygotky

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What term refers to the distance between the actual developmental level as determined by independent problem solving and the level of potential development as determined through problem solving under adult guidance or collaboration with more capable peers?

Zone of proximal development

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What term refers to the support provided by caregivers and teachers to help a child improve their confidence?

Scaffolding

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Which theory suggests that the essential sequence in which children attain developmental milestones is linear and consistent across children?

Nuromaturation

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According to the neuromaturational theory, movement progresses from primitive reflex patterns to voluntary, controlled movements.

Ture

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According to the neuromaturational theory, the sequence and rate of motor development are vary greatly among infants and children.

False

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Which theory refers to performance or action patterns that emerge from the interaction and cooperation of many systems, both internal and external to the child?

Dynamical System Theory

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Longitudinal studies reveal that children demonstrate unique trajectories of development and that variations in functional performance among children persist into adulthood.

Ture

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According to the dynamical systems theory, which three types of input initial guide an infant’s manipulation?

Visual, Tactile and kinesthetic input.

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Describe perceptual action reciprocity using an actual example.

6 months old visually explores and mouths objects

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Which term refers to a child’s ability to understand the shape, texture, and mass of an object through object manipulation?

Haptic Perception

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Which term refers to the fit between a child and its environment?

Affordance

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Which term refers to synergies that have specific consistent characteristics, such as the sequence of movements and the ratio of joint movement, which can be adjusted to accommodate a new situation?

Adaptable Stability

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Which term focuses on the child’s potential for change and on the contextual factors that promote or limit a child’s performance?

Plasticity

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Which stage of learning would a child be if they were seen bringing a toy to their mouth and gumming the object?

Exploratory Activity

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Which stage of learning would include a child switching between different grasp patterns on a marker?

Perceptual Learning

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Which stage of learning would include a child making adaptive responses to a new challenge in an environment based on previous experiences?

Skill Achievement.

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Which term refers to the relatively stable traits that influence how individuals process and respond to the environment?

Temperament

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Which term refers to the congruence between the child and their social and physical environment to support the child’s skill development and development trajectory?

Positive goodness of fit.

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Which term refers to the modulation of emotional reactions, including its inhibition, activation, and grading?

Emotion Regulation

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What term refers to a child’s internal characteristics that enable them to thrive and develop despite high-risk factors in the environment?

Resiliency

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Select the emotional regulation development stage: A one-month old infant may be able to soothe with non-nutritive sucking, but also responds to soothing by parents.

Neurophysiologic Modulation

Select the emotional regulation development stage: A five-month-old infant engages in repetitive play, kicking a toy over and again. The bright lights and music triggered when she kicks the toy cause her to smile and laugh.

Sensorimotror Modulation

Select the emotional regulation development stage: A 13-month-old toddler wants to climb on top of the coffee table. When redirected by his caregiver, the toddler throws himself to the ground in a behavioral tantrum.

Control

Select the emotional regulation development stage: A caregiver brings their two year old to an indoor play space. Before entering the play space, the child glances back at their caregiver, who smiles in return. The child then happily rushes into the space to climb on the equipment.

Self-control

Select the emotional regulation development stage: As a four-year-old child prepares for his parent’s departure on a business trip, he verbally expresses sadness, then asks for a hug.

Self-regulation

According to Erikson, what psychosocial stage is resolved when an infant being regularly fed and caregivers responding during moments of duress?

Basic Trust vs. Mistrust

According to Erikson, what psychosocial stage could possibly result in insecure attachment and isolation if not resolved?

Basic Trust vs Mistrust

According to Erikson, what psychosocial stage is resolved if a child is able to complete potty training?

Autonomy vs Shame

According to Erikson, if this stage is not resolved, a child could shy away from challenges.

Autonomy vs Shame

According to Erikson’s stages, successful completion of this stage leads to children directing their own play and engaging in dramatic and imaginative play.

Initiative vs Guilt

According to Erikson’s stages, if this stage is not resolved, a child may feel ashamed of their efforts and become overly dependent on their parents.

Initiative vs Guilt

According to Erikson’s stages, successful completion of this stage leads children feeling a sense of pride in their accomplishments; children strive to master new skills.

Industry vs Inferiority

According to Erikson’s stages, if this stage is not resolved, a child may feel inferior and doubts their successes.

Industry vs Inferiority

Which type of attachment results from interactions with a caregiver who is sensitively responsive to an infant’s signals?

Development of Trust

Which type of attachment is characterized by clinginess or need for constant reassurance, related to a parent who is excessively protective?

Need for Safety

According to the Humphry (2009), what is the definition of occupation?

Patterns of actions that emerge through transaction between the child and environment and are the things that child wants to do or is expected to do.

Describe a pediatric ADL or IADL that illustrates the interdependence of developmental areas? See pg. 76 for an example but come up with your own answer.

Eating a meal

What type of learning occurs when a child observes their families’ participation in cultural roles and traditions?

Representational Pretend Play

Play involves which performance areas?

Affective, Sensory, Motor, Communicative, Social and Cognitive

According to Bronfenbrenner’s ecological model, which of the following has the broadest influence on a child’s development?

The community in which the child is raised.

Co-sleeping is widely discouraged by the international community.

Ture

According to research, mothers who respond to their infant’s cries of distress teach their infants how to self-soothe and self-regulate.

Ture

What type of play is described as an activity performed simply for the enjoyment of the physical sensation it creates?

Exploratory Play/Sensorimotor Play

In this type of play, an object’s function is understood and that function determines the action.

Functional Play/Relational Play

In this type of play involves children directing objects away from themselves. For example: placing a doll into a bed, then covering the doll and saying, “Go to sleep, baby.”

Pretend Play

In the first year of life, the goal of an infant’s social play is to babble with their peers.

False

What type of interactions are the initial building blocks for an infant’s self-efficacy?

Through Cause – and – Effect Actions

What term refers to the ability to extinguish incoming sensory information?

Habituation

By what age should a prone infant be able to lift its head to visualize activities in the room?

By 4 months.

Crawling is typically an infant’s first means to becoming mobile and exploring the environment.

false. Rolling is

By what age can an infant roll sequentially to move across the room?

By 6th month.

At what age can an infant sit alone by propping forward on arms and using a wide base of support with the legs flexed?

6 months.

By what age should an infant be able to rise to sitting from a supine position, rotate and pivot when sitting, and easily move between positions of sitting and creeping?

By the 12 month.

What refers to an infant using reciprocal motions to move in a prone position across the floor with its belly still on the floor?

Belly Crawling

What refers to an infant moving in a hands-and-knees posture?

Crawling (Creeping)

At what age do infants typically pull to stand while holding on to furniture?

At 10 months

At what age do infants learn to shift the body weight onto one leg and to step to the side with the other leg?

At 12 months

By what age should an infant prefer walking to other methods of mobility?

BY 18th month

At what stage of motor learning does an infant swipe at objects with an inaccurate reach?

1 to 2 months

At what stage of motor learning does an infant’s reach become more accurate, combining reach and grasp with two hands at midline?

By 5th month

At what stage of motor learning does an infant reach with accuracy, smoothness, and efficiency?

By 6th month

At what stage of motor learning does an infant squeeze object with all fingers (no thumb) and randomly releases the object?

3 to 5 months. Exploratory

At what stage of motor learning do radial palmar and radial digital grasping patterns emerge?

6 to 12 months. Perceptual learning /transitional stage.

At what stage of motor learning does a child have a dynamic grasp which allows for competent tool use?

12 months to 2 years. Skill Achievement/ Adaptability and flexibility

At what age does a pincer grasp develop?

12 months to 2 years

At what age does voluntary release develop?

6 to 7 months

By what age should a child be able to consistently demonstrate use of two hands in simultaneous, coordinated action?

6 to 7 months

At this age, an infant begins to understand object permanence when they, during play, place a toy inside of another toy (a block inside of a bucket, etc.).

8 to 9 months

At what age do infants begin using toys for their intended purpose?

By 12 months

By what age should a child be able to put together a sequence of several actions during play?

By 2 years of age

At what age does an infant begin to express emotions such as smiling and laughing?

2 months

What type of play links multiple scheme combinations into meaningful sequences of pretend play?

Pretend play or symbolic play

At what age does pretend play become more abstract? For example, using a block to be a telephone.

At the age 3 and 4

What type of play includes developing a plan to build a structure with blocks and then carries out the steps to complete the project?

Constructive play

What type of play provides strong sensory input, is generally noncompetitive, and rarely organized?

Rough and tumble play

At what age does a mature running pattern develop?

5 to 6 years

At what age does jumping emerge?

At the 2 years of age

At what age can children efficiently manipulate an object with only one hand (in-hand manipulation skills)?

By 4 years of age

At what age should a child demonstrate a mature, dynamic tripod grasp?

By 5 years of age

At what age will a child be able to cut out simple shapes using scissors?

By the age 4 and 6.

At what age will a child make scribbling marks on paper that are without symbolic meaning?

By 2 to 3 years.

At what age will a child interpret a drawing after it has been produced?

By 3 to 4 years

At what age will a child intentionally draw an image that represents a person, object, or event?

By 4 to 5 years

What is an example of an intrinsic factor that contributes to dynamic grasp of a writing tool?

Haptic perception of pencil in hand. Moves object in hand while holding

What is an example of an extrinsic factor that contributes to hand-eye coordination?

Stringing beads, stacking, puzzles.

What is an example of an intrinsic factor that contributes to drawing shapes?

Motor planning skills. Visual motor coordination

What is an example of an intrinsic factor that contributes to a child drawing figures and forms?

Cues that guide drawing, models, example. Adult reinforcement. Available color, lighting, surfaces, utensils.

What is an example of an intrinsic factor that contributes to drawings which represent an action, person, object, or event?

Cognitive skills of attributing symbolic meaning, demonstrating representational thinking.

What type of grasp is most appropriate for a typically-developing three year old?

Static tripod grasp

By what age do children demonstrate a mature, tripod grasp?

By 5 years of age

Codependence dominates psychosocial development from 2 to 4 years of age as a toddler shows their need to rely on caregivers.

False

What type of play occurs when children organize themselves, assign roles, explain rules to guide them as they play?

Games with Rules

What is the major motivator in play for children between the ages of six and ten?

Rules

According to research, children who struggle with physical skills have lower self-esteem and are socially marginalized.

Ture

What type of thinking do older children (6+) typically use when considering past, current, and future situations?

Abstract reasoning.

A six year old child is more likely to develop friendships based on which quality?

Common values, commitment, loyalty and mutual support.

What type of grasp is most appropriate for a typically-developing three year old?

Static tripod

What refers to an infant moving in a hands-and-knees posture?

Creeping

In the first year of life, the goal of an infant’s social play is to babble with their peers.

False

At what age will a child make scribbling marks on paper that are without symbolic meaning?

2-3 years

Which scholar expanded our understanding of a child’s maturation by emphasizing that development occurs through the interaction between the environment and the child’s innate abilities?

Piaget

According to the neuromaturational theory, movement progresses from primitive reflex patterns to voluntary, controlled movements.

True

At what age does pretend play become more abstract? For example, using a block to be a telephone.

36 months

What is an example of an extrinsic factor that contributes to hand-eye coordination?

Stringing beads

According to Erikson’s stages, successful completion of this stage leads to children directing their own play and engaging in dramatic and imaginative play.

Initiative vs. Guilt

At what age should a child demonstrate a mature, dynamic tripod grasp?

5 years old